PSIO 201 5th Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 7 Lecture 1 August 27 Levels of Biological organization and the Principles of Homeostasis Describe the difference between Physiology and Anatomy Describe the 5 essentials for LIFE List the 6 levels of structural organization List characteristics of Homeostasis List the five steps of the Scientific Method Physiology function and Anatomy structure 5 Essentials for LIFE 1 Metabolism breakdown of large molecules into small building proteins that provides energy for cells 2 Responsiveness detect changes in internal and external environment 3 Movement all structural organization 4 Growth Differentiation cell size and material found specialize in cell function 5 Reproduction formation of new cells individuals Levels of Structural Organization 1 Chemical atomic and molecular 2 Cellular smallest unit 3 Tissue group of cells 4 Organ groups of tissues 5 Organ systems groups of organs for function 6 Organismic systems living individual Homeostasis relative consistency of the internal environment remains constant over time temperature PH etc crucial for survival Homeostasis keeps variables within psychological limits Positive Feedback vs Negative Feedback Positive Feedback intensifies the variables child birth Negative Feedback regulates back and forth sweating Equilibrium requires no energy Is a form of a constant state Homeostasis is the balance of equilibrium due to constant regulation processes Steady State required a LOT of energy Scientific Method 1 Observation 2 Hypothesis tentative answer 3 Experimental Testing 4 Analysis and Conclusion 5 Development of a new hypothesis Lecture 2 August 29 Chemical Level of Organization Principles of Physiological Chemistry Chemical terms Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy Define the 3 different types of Bonds Describe different reactions exo vs endo What is a catalyst Name the organic compounds What is the concept of Concentration Potential energy is stored Kinetic energy is the matter in motion Chemical energy is form of potential energy found in bonds Chlorine Chloride Stability is determined by valence electrons The three types of Bonds 1 Hydrogen Bonds partial poles of polar covalent bonds partial electrical charges 2 Ionic Bonds Gives and takes electrons 3 Covalent Bonds share electrons Reactions Making bonds released energy Exothermic Breaking Bonds required energy Endothermic A catalyst reduces the amount of energy needed for a particular reaction causing it to go faster Enzymes are biological catalysts Organic Compounds 1 lipids 2 carbohydrates 3 nucleic acids 4 high energy phosphate molecules Organic means carbon rich Inorganic is carbon poor Concept of Concentration Amount of compound unit of volume moles liter Low PH value High concentration very acidic Lecture 3 September 3 Cellular Level of Organization I Introduction to Cell Biology Recap of biological terms What are Organelles Concepts about the Membrane What are amino acids What is the cytoskeleton made out of Types of membrane proteins What are the 4 structures of a polypeptide Nucleus contains chromatin DNA and Proteins Nucleic envelope import and export Golgi Apparatus layers outside of the nucleus for protein packaging Mitochondria makes ATP energy Cytoplasm liquid in cell outside of nucleus Plasma membrane cell membrane Organelles membrane bound structures by special proteins special in cell for growth maintenance and reproduction A Membranous found in nucleus and mitochondria outer and inner membrane major site of cell energy metabolism B Non Membranous found in cytoskeleton and ribosomes Microtubules contains centrioles and centrosomes for cell motility and cell division Cilia and Flagella are used for mobility Microvilli microfilaments increase surface area of plasma membrane Ribosomes are site of protein synthesis ATP Cytoskeleton 1 Microfilaments center of nucleus basic strength or shape use microvilli for transport 2 Microtubules largest and hollow made of protein tubulin used in centrosome spindle during meiosis 3 Intermediate filaments medium size stabilize position of organelles and attach cells to each other Amino Acids Make proteins using linear sequences Amino acids contain four major groups Amino acid group carboxyl group R side chain and hydrogen The hydrogen bonds with Nitrogen or Oxygen Membrane proteins1 Integral Proteins across cell membrane are amphipathic 2 Peripheral Proteins can float through and around membrane Polypeptide Structures1 Primary Structure straight 2 Secondary Structure alpha helix coiled or beta sheet 3 Tertiary structure knotted polypeptides in a specific way 4 Quaternary hemoglobin molecule Lecture 4 September 5 Cellular Level of Organization II Membrane Transport What is Passive Transport What is Osmosis How does water go through a lipid bilayer What is Carrier Mediated Transport A Passive Transport Diffusion for equilibrium Moves from high to low concentration 1 Net diffusion is proportional to concentrated gradient 2 Occurs quickly over short cellular distances but slow over long distances 3 Can occur across membrane but only hydrophobic can go through lipid bilayer Passive flow of water across membrane B Osmosis Net flow of water across semipermeable membrane in response to a gradient in the chemical activities of water dilutes to concentrated Osmotic Pressure measures osmolarity E G Low Osmolarity 0 1 Osm flows to High Osmolarity 0 2 Osm Chemical activity refers to number of free water molecules C Aquaporin s are water channels that allow water to move through lipid bilayer D Carrier Mediated Transport more effective 1 Saturability Jmax increases rapidly but eventually saturates 2 Selectivity substituents Facilitated diffusion Active Transport Primary and Secondary Primary active transport immediate energy ATP goes in cell and comes out Secondary active transport most common for nutrients goes outside to in revolving door but as goes in it brings another substance with it Organic and inorganic Lecture 5 September 8 Cellular Level of Organization III Cell Cytoplasm What are symporters and antiporters What are the two types of vesicular transport What is oxidative phosohoralyzation Describe the Golgi Apparatus What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum What are Lysosomes 1 2 1 2 3 4 Antiporters outside of cell to inside of cell secondary active transport Symporters Inside of cell transport to outside primary active transport Vesicular TransportEndocytosis brings something to cell antiporter