Biology 140 Spring 2012 – RoweExam 2 Study GuideChapter 71. Cells are divided into prokaryotes and eukaryotes. What are some differencesand similarities among them? Hint – There are 4 main differences.a. Differences:i. Eukaryotic chromosomes are found inside a membrane-bound compartment called a nucleusii. Eukaryotic cells are often much largeriii. Eukaryotic cells contain extensive amounts of internal membraneiv. Eukaryotic cells feature a diverse and dynamic cytoskeletonb. Similaritiesi. Mitosis ii. Lipid membraneiii. Nucleic acid2. There are 3 Domains based on phylogeny. What are they? Which ones are prokaryotes? Eukaryotes?a. Bacteria – prokaryotesb. Eukarya – eukaryotesc. Archaea - prokaryotes3. What are plasmids?a. Small, supercoiled, circular DNA moleculesb. Usually contain genes that help the cell adapt to unusual environmental conditions4. Is a nucleus and nucleoid the same thing?a. No5. What are flagella?a. Tail-like structure on the cell surface that spin around to move the cell6. Organelles – what are they? Name some and their functions. a. An organelle is a membrane-bound compartment inside the cell that contains enzymes or structures specialized for a particular function7. How are materials delivered to lysosomes? There are 3 types of endocytosis. What are they?a. Endocytosisb.8. How are mitochondria and chloroplasts different?a. Mitochondria is the location of the electron transport and makes ATPb. Chloroplasts have photosynthesis and makes ATP9. Cell walls can be diverse in their compositions. Be able to recognize examples.10. How do things get into the nucleus?a. Through the nuclear pores111. What is the endomembrane system? How is that important to eukaryotic cells?12. What is the signal hypothesis?13. What is exocytosis? Is it the same as endocytosis?a. When things leave the cellb. Endocytosis is when things enter the cell14. What are 3 types of cytoskeletal elements? What does the cytoskeleton do?15. Flagella and cilia – are they the same?a. They are both used for movement of the cell but there is a single flagellum on a cell that has a circular movement and multiple cilia thatmove back and forthChapter 281. Table 28.1 – Know the major differences among the 3 Domains.2. What is microbiology?a. Study of living things that are not visible to the naked eye3. Are all microbes pathogenic (disease-causing)?a. No. 4. What is the germ theory of disease? What are Koch’s postulates? Are their exceptions?5. What is virulence?a. How infectious a virus is6. What is bioremediation?a. Post translation modifications7. What are extremophiles and thermophiles?a. Extremophiles – pH, temperaturesb. Thermophiles - heat8. If bacteria and archaea cannot be grown in pure culture, what other techniques could be utilized for documenting their existence?a. Microscope9. Bacteria and archaea are very diverse in their size, shape, and motility.10. Bacteria are often categorized based on their cell wall composition. What names are given to the organisms?11. Prokaryotes are very metabolically diverse, as well. Some can make their ownfood; others get their food from other sources. Know the different methods. 12. Bacteria are capable of nitrogen fixation. What is that?a.13. Don’t spend a lot of time on respiration and photosynthesis. We will come back to that in Chapters 9-10. Chapter 351. What is a virus? Are viruses alive? If not, why are they not considered living?a. They are not living because they cannot reproduce without a host cell (they are not cellular)2. Epidemic vs. pandemic – are they the same?a. Pandemic is world wide whereas epidemic is for an area23. How does HIV cause disease? (slide 9)a. It makes the immune system inefficient in fighting off attack4. What 2 goals do researchers focus on when studying viruses?5. Viruses are EXTREMELY tiny!!!6. In terms of structure, most viruses fall into two categories. What are they?7. How do viruses infect their hosts?a.8. Is a virion the same as a virus?9. Be able to distinguish between latent and lysogenic replication cyles.10. What are the 6 phases of the replicative cycle?11. Viruses can have DNA or RNA genomes, and they can be either single- or double-stranded.12. What is reverse transcriptase? Is it important for every virus?13. Viruses can get very complex…..So we are hitting the highlights. Chapter 81. Review the plasma membrane again.2. What is an extracellular layer/matrix? What is one of the most common protein types found in the ECM? What is the purpose of an ECM?3. Primary cell wall vs. secondary cell wall4. The ECM and the cytoskeleton are directly linked and have a very important relationship.5. What are the different types of junctions in animal cells?6. How do cells communicate?7. Hormones can be lipid-soluble or lipid-insoluble. What’s the difference?8. What are the 4 steps of cell-cell signaling?9. What are signal receptors? Where are they found?10. What is a signal transduction pathway?11. Catalyzing intracellular reactions involves 5 steps. What are they?12. The response to a cell-cell signal generally falls into one of two categories. What are they?13. What are biofilms?**This study guide should only be used as a template. It is not meant to be used as the sole study aid for your