Biology 140 Fall 2011 – RoweExam 4 (FINAL) Study GuideChapter 121. What is meiosis? What is the outcome of meiosis? Is it the same as mitosis?2. What is a gamete? What is fertilization? What is a zygote?3. What is a karyotype? How many sex chromosomes do we have? How many autosomes do we have? Don’t get confused on pair and actual numbers.4. What are homologous chromosomes? Are they the same as sister chromatids?5. Know the terms diploid and haploid.6. How many cell divisions occur in meiosis? What’s going on in each of these divisions?7. What are homologous chromosomes? Are they the same as sister chromatids?8. What is crossing over and where does it occur?9. Know slide 38 like the back of your hand!10. Asexual vs. sexual reproduction.11. What is a non-disjunction? Can this occur at multiple locations? Can they occur in sex chromosomes as well as autosomes?12. Independent assortment and genetic recombination produces variation.13. What are some advantages and disadvantage of sexual reproduction?Chapter 131. What is the chromosome theory of inheritance?2. Know what the definitions are for genetics, heredity and trait.3. Why did Mendel use the pea plant to study heredity?4. What is a genotype? What is a phenotype? Is a phenotype dependent on a genotype?5. What is the difference between a monohybrid and a dihybrid cross?6. What is a P vs. F1 vs. F2 generation? What are the classic phenotypic ratios you would expect to see in the offspring.7. What are alleles?8. Know the difference between homozygous and heterozygous. What is a carrier?9. Know Mendel’s two laws: Law of segregation and law of independent assortment.10. What is a Punnett square? What is a testcross? What is its use?11. What is a mutation?12. Know the difference between recessive and dominant.13. What is incomplete dominance? What is an example?14. What is codominance? Give an example.15. Difference between pleiotropy and polygenic.16. Sex-linked inheritance vs. autosomal inheritance.1Chapter 14- We previously touched on several aspects of this chapter. It is about DNA replication. I think we can skip it. Just review your old exams regarding DNA and DNA replication.Chapter 151. What is gene expression? 2. What are non-functioning alleles?3. What is a gene? What is the central dogma? What are codons? What is the genetic code?4. What is the purpose of messenger RNA (mRNA)?5. What is transcription? What is translation?6. What are some exceptions to the Central Dogma? What is the function of reverse transcriptase?7. What is a reading frame? There are 64 codons that code for 20 amino acids and 3 stops. Know the start and stop codons.8. What are 4 important properties of the genetic code?9. What is a mutation? They fall into 3 categories. What are they? Point mutations vs. chromosome mutations.Chapter 161. Transcription vs. translation2. Template vs. non-template strand3. What is meant by semiconservative?4. What is a TATA box?5. What are promoters?6. There are 3 stages of transcription – know them. What is a hairpin structure?7. What is the difference between introns and exons? What is RNA splicing and adding a cap and tail?8. At what location do transcription and translation occur (cytoplasm or nucleus)?9. What do ribosomes do?10. Does transcription and translation happen simultaneously in bacteria? In eukaryotes?11. What is a tRNA? What is an anticodon? Briefly look over the differences between the A, P, and E sites.12. What is rRNA?13. What are the 3 stages of translation?14. What is a ribozyme?15. What is meant by post-translational modification?Chapter 191. What is genetic engineering?2. What is cell differentiation? 3. What is cloning? What is cDNA?4. What are plasmids? What are restriction enzymes? What are vectors?25. Why are DNA libraries so important?6. What are some products of DNA technology? How are we using science for our benefit?7. What is a method for amplifying a specific segment of a DNA molecule? What are the steps of PCR?8. What is a genetic map? What is meant by genetic markers? What does polymorphic mean?9. What are the benefits of finding a disease gene?10. What are transgenic animals?11. Gene therapy – is it a reality?Chapter 201. What is the difference in genomics and functional genomics?2. What is meant by shotgun sequencing?3. What is pyrosequencing?4. What is bioinformatics?5. What are ORFs?6. Again, know what homologous means!!!!7. What is lateral gene transfer? Is there evidence for this?8. What are transposable elements?9. What would we use DNA fingerprinting for?12. What is a use for DNA microarrays?13. What is genomics vs. proteomics?A lot of the info, especially in Chapters 19 and 20 overlap and I’m just looking for broad understanding, not specific details. ********As for the comprehensive portion, read back over your old exams! Questionswill come directly from there.**********This study guide should only be used as a template. It is not meant to be used as the sole study aid for your