Biology 140Rowe Exam 1 – Chapters 1-6Chapter 11. What are five fundamental characteristics that all living things share?a. Energy – all organisms acquire and use energyb. Cells – all organisms are made up of membrane-bound cellsc. Information – all organisms process hereditary information encoded in genes as well as information from the environmentd. Replication – all organisms are capable of reproductione. Evolution – populations of organisms are continuously evolving2. What is the Cell Theory? How was it proved?a. The cell theory states all organisms are made of cells (pattern) and all cells come form preexisting cells (process)b. Proved with Louis Pasteur’s experiment (with the broth)3. What is the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?a. All species are related by common ancestry (pattern)b. Characteristics of species can be modified from generation to generation (descent with modification)4. Is a hypothesis and a prediction the same? If not, what’s the difference?a. Hypothesis is a proposed explanation while a prediction is something that can be measured and must be correct if hypothesis is valid.5. What is a population? Do populations undergo natural selection or evolution?What about individuals?a. A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time constitute a populationb. Populations undergo evolutionary changec. Individuals undergo natural selection6. What conditions must be met in a population for natural selection to occur?a. Traits beneficial to the current environment are “selected” within a natural population7. Is artificial selection the same as natural selection? If not, how is it different?a. In artificial selection humans choose who will produce the most offspring8. On a phylogenetic tree, how do you know when a new species exists? What is a phylogenetic tree?a. It is a different branch on the treeb. Phylogenetic tree represents relationships between species. The further apart the more closely related and vice versa9. Organisms are categorized by their rRNA sequences. There are three Domains. What are they? How many Domains are prokaryotes? How many are eukaryotes? a. The three domains are Bacteria, Eukarya, and Archaea.b. 2 Domains are prokaryotes and one domain is Eukaryotes110. What is taxonomy? How do you write a scientific name?a. Taxonomy is an effort to name and identify organismsb. A scientific name is a 2-part name with genus and species (always italicized)11. What are the makings of a good experiment?a. Control groupb. Experimental conditions are controlled to eliminate other variablesc. Test is repeated multiple timesChapter 21. What is the atomic number? How is that different than the mass number?a. Atomic number is the characteristic number of protons in the nucleus.b. Mass number is the protons and neutrons of the most common isotope2. What are isotopes?a. Forms of an element with different number of neutrons3. Know the different kinds of bonding: covalent (polar and non-polar), ionic, hydrogen……Bonds are formed based on the number of unpaired electrons.4. Molecules can be written in multiple fashions (structural formula, molecular formula, etc.) Know and be able to recognize each type.5. When do chemical reactions occur?a. One substance is combined with another. (atoms are rearranged in molecules or small molecules combine to form larger molecules)b. One substance is broken down into another substance (molecules are split into atoms or other smaller molecules)6. Water is polar and held together by hydrogen bonding. What are some other unique properties of water?a. Cohesive – binding between like molecules (surface tension)b. Adhesive – binding between unlike moleculesc. Denser as a liquid than as a solidd. Able to absorb large amounts of energy7. What is the job of buffers?a. Compounds that minimize change in pH8. What conditions had to be right for chemical evolution to occur? Think elements and lots of energy!a.9. Chemical reactions have reactants and products.10. What is meant by endothermic and exothermic?a. Endothermic means the reaction absorbs energy and exothermic means it releases energy11. What are the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics? What is entropy?a. First law of thermodynamics states energy is conserved—it cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transferred or transformedb. Second law of thermodynamics states entropy always increases (entropy – amount of disorder in a group of molecules)212. How do rate and concentration affect chemical reactions?a. They speed them upChapter 31. What is the Theory of Chemical Evolution? How was it proved?a. “prebiotic soup” formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanideb. methane ammonia and hydrogen were combined in a closed system with water and applied heat and electricity as an energy source. Amino acids and organic compounds have been found to form easily under these conditions2. There are 20 amino acids. What are the five components of ALL amino acids?a. Alpha carbon at centerb. Carboxyl group at the right endc. Amino group at left endd. R groupe. Hydrogen atom 3. What causes the variation seen among amino acid properties?a. The R group4. There are three major categories of amino acids. What are they? Think about their interactions.a. Nonpolarb. Polar neutralc. Polar charged5. What is a monomer? What are polymers? How are polymers formed? How are polymers broken down? a. Monomers are individual units of compoundsb. Polymers are monomers linked together6. Know the difference between condensation and hydrolysis reactions!a. Condensation reaction is polymerizing which releases a water molecule.b. Hydrolysis is a reverse reaction that breaks polymers apart adding a water molecule.7. How do peptide bonds form? What do they hold together?a. Peptide bonds form when condensation reactions bond carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another.b. The hold together amino acids8. What are three characteristics of a peptide backbone?a. R group orientation i. side chains can interact with each other or waterb. Directionality i. Free amino group, on the left, is called N-terminusii. Free carboxyl group, right, is called the C-terminusc. Flexibilityi. Single bonds on either side of the peptide bond can rotate making the entire structure flexible39. Proteins have many functions. Name six. a. Catalysis – enzymes speed up chemical reactionsb. Defense – antibodies and complement proteins attack pathogensc. Movement – motor and