NUTR 202 1nd Edition Lecture 3 Defining Malnutrition Do no only think of malnutrition as undernourished or starving that is not the only case Rather think of it as this Malnutrition energy or nutrient intake that is either too high or too low Overnutrition too much of a nutrient or nutrients or calories current issue in US and worldwide overconsumption can lead to problems in the case of dietary supplements nutrients and calories Undernutrition too little of a nutrient or nutrients or calories examples are dehydration and osteoporosis Have more severe and dramatic symptoms that occur quickly for the most part Major causes of deaths Heart disease Cancer Stroke Note that each of these could be preventable with good nutrition and that 15 of all deaths in the US can be attributable to poor diet and sedentary lifestyle Core Principles of a Healthy Diet Eat a variety of foods different food groups variety within those food groups Balance your choices this is between higher calorie foods and nutrient dense foods and energy in and energy out Practice moderation moderate portion sizes smaller plates skip refills consumption of each food moderate calories sodium sugar etc Tips snack on trail mix add almonds or dried fruit to salad try new vegetables vary protein sources vary fruits and eat instead of desserts don t overeat skip seconds take extra walking steps each day Nutrition is a science These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Constantly evolving New principles and recommendation develop as new information is discovered Each principle and recommendation is derived from a scientific process or method Unbiased approach to study interactions among food nutrients and health Steps include observation hypothesis experiment and theory Types of Nutrition Studies Epidemiology studies populations and disease trends patterns it does not prove cause and effect Clinical intervention studies are done in humans have a variable that is changed between the control group and experimental group Laboratory experiments use animals and are very controlled Nutrition genomics the study of interactions between genes and nutrition benefits are personalized nutrition and diets based on a person s genes What makes a valid experiment Quantifiable data can we measure in a scientific manner Appropriate experimental population is the population large enough and is it randomly selected Proper controls control group vs experimental group Results must be interpreted correctly and go through peer review process must be checked for accuracy compare to many other studies Your role in determining news studies Determine if it makes sense Check who did they study background Is there supportive evidence Differentiate if it s a personal testimony Think critically about the content and keep in mind the scientific method CHAPTER 2 Dietary Recommendations and Regulations why we have them Help individuals populations meet nutrient requirements Evaluate adequacy of dietary nutrient intake of individuals populations Address health concerns Prevent certain chronic diseases Guides nutrient needs to food choices 4 types of recommendations The Dietary Reference Intakes DRIs nutrient needs numbers The Dietary Guidelines for Americans Broad Dietary advice MyPlate helps you implement DRIs and DGA Nutrition Facts contains Daily Values and help you decide which foods to buy For populations analyze food intakes and food availability For an individual the same along with physical health medical and family history as well as their lifestyle Can also assess laboratory tests and nutrient intake DRIs recommendations for the amount of energy nutrients and other food components for healthy persons The purpose to is to help people stay healthy reduce the risk of chronic disease and prevent deficiencies DRIs encompass the following values Estimated Average Requirement EAR average amount of a nutrient known to meet the needs of individuals in population meets needs of 50 of a population used to assess adequacy of populations Recommended Dietary Allowance RDA average amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of nearly all individuals 97 Adequate Intake AI next best estimate of amount of nutrient needed to maintain good health Tolerable Upper Intake Level UL highest amount of nutrient that is unlikely to cause harm if consumed daily anything above amount may cause toxicity Dietary Reference Intake DRIs Estimated Energy Requirements EERs EER average energy intake values predicted to maintain weight in healthy individuals The formula takes into account individual s Age Gender Weight Height Level of physical activity Race is not a factor