NUTR 202 1nd Edition Lecture 3Defining Malnutrition- Do no only think of malnutrition as undernourished or starving that is not the only case. Rather think of it as this: Malnutrition- energy or nutrient intake that is either too high or too low. - Overnutrition- too much of a nutrient or nutrients or calories (current issue in US and worldwide); overconsumption can lead to problems in the case of dietary supplements, nutrients, and calories.- Undernutrition- too little of a nutrient or nutrients or calories; examples are dehydrationand osteoporosis. Have more severe and dramatic symptoms that occur quickly for the most part. Major causes of deaths - Heart disease- Cancer- StrokeNote that each of these could be preventable with good nutrition, and that 15% of all deathsin the US can be attributable to poor diet and sedentary lifestyle. Core Principles of a Healthy Diet- Eat a variety of foods: different food groups, variety within those food groups.- Balance your choices: this is between higher calorie foods and nutrient dense foods and “energy in” and “energy out”- Practice moderation: moderate portion sizes (smaller plates; skip refills), consumption ofeach food, moderate calories/ sodium/sugar, etc.Tips: snack on trail mix, add almonds or dried fruit to salad, try new vegetables, vary protein sources, vary fruits and eat instead of desserts, don't overeat, skip seconds, take extra walking steps each day.Nutrition is a scienceThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Constantly evolving- New principles and recommendation develop as new information is discovered.- Each principle and recommendation is derived from a scientific process or method.- Unbiased approach to study interactions among food, nutrients, and health. - Steps include observation, hypothesis, experiment, and theory.Types of Nutrition Studies- Epidemiology studies populations and disease trends/patterns; it does not prove cause and effect- Clinical- intervention studies are done in humans; have a variable that is changed between the control group and experimental group- Laboratory experiments use animals and are very controlled.- Nutrition genomics- the study of interactions between genes and nutrition; benefits are personalized nutrition and diets based on a person’s genes.What makes a valid experiment?- Quantifiable data; can we measure in a scientific manner?- Appropriate experimental population; is the population large enough and is it randomly selected- Proper controls: control group vs. experimental group- Results must be interpreted correctly and go through peer-review process; must be checked for accuracy; compare to many other studies.Your role in determining news/ studies- Determine if it makes sense- Check who did they study/ background- Is there supportive evidence- Differentiate if it's a personal testimony - Think critically about the content and keep in mind the scientific method.CHAPTER 2Dietary Recommendations and Regulations; why we have them:- Help individuals/ populations meet nutrient requirements- Evaluate adequacy of dietary nutrient intake of individuals/ populations- Address health concerns- Prevent certain chronic diseases- Guides nutrient needs to food choices4 types of recommendations- The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) - nutrient needs (numbers)- The Dietary Guidelines for Americans - Broad Dietary advice- MyPlate - helps you implement DRIs and DGA - Nutrition Facts - contains Daily Values and help you decide which foods to buy For populations, analyze food intakes and food availability. For an individual, the same along with physical health, medical and family history, as well as their lifestyle. Can also assess laboratory tests and nutrient intake.DRIs: recommendations for the amount of energy, nutrients, and other food components for healthy persons. The purpose to is to help people stay healthy, reduce the risk of chronic disease, and prevent deficiencies.DRIs encompass the following values:- Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) - average amount of a nutrient known to meet the needs of individuals in population; meets needs of 50% of a population; used to assess adequacy of populations- Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) - average amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of nearly all individuals 97%- Adequate Intake (AI) - next best estimate of amount of nutrient needed to maintain good health- Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) - highest amount of nutrient that is unlikely to cause harm if consumed daily, anything above amount may cause toxicity. Dietary Reference Intake (DRIs): Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs)EER- average energy intake values predicted to maintain weight in healthy individualsThe formula takes into account individual’s:- Age- Gender- Weight- Height- Level of physical activity Race is not a