NUTR 202 1nd Edition Lecture 20 Ch 11 Pregnancy and Infancy Nutrition Nutritional needs change at each stage of the life cycle Establish eating habits before pregnancy Fathers to be Lifestyle and dietary habits may affect the number and motility of their sperm Weight zinc folate antioxidants Mothers to be Appropriate body weight before pregnancy Folic acid at least one month prior to conception PREVENTS NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS Moderate caffeine consumption fertility issues want to reduce less than 200 mg day Moderate fish consumption methylmercury harms nervous system Gestation The time between conception and birth lasts approximately 40 weeks in humans divided into 3 3month periods or trimesters Conception to week 2 Pre embryo Week 3 8 embryo placenta begins to form and is completed by week 5 After week 8 fetus 6 Embryonic Stage Wks 2 thru 8 Rudiments of all body structures formed 7 Fetal Stage Wk 9 to birth Body structures and organs form and grow Placenta ORGAN made of maternal and embryonic tissues functions secretes hormones transfers oxygen nutrients from maternal to fetal blood and removes wastes Full term at 40 weeks 6 5 9 A birth weight of less than 5 5 lbs Low birth weight A birth weight of less than 3 3 lbs Very low birth rate For those born at gestational age birth weight may be Large for gestational age LGA 8 8 lbs Small forgestational age SGA failed to grow well Overweight pregnant women cannot give diet always have to give E requirement She should not loose weight she should gain some weight but not as much as a normal woman Healthy woman gain on avg 25 35 lbs Weight gain during pregnancy necessary to support and protect fetus preparation for lactation Blood volume increases by 50 Placenta develops to nourish the fetus embryo Amount of body fat increases to provide energy needed late in pregnancy Uterus enlarges and muscles and ligaments relax to accommodate the growing fetus and allow for childbirth Breasts develop in preparation for lactation milk production and secretion Maternal fat will be nourishment for the baby Little gain is expected in the first 3 months 1st trimester usually about 1 2 kg 2 4 lbs In the 2nd and 3rd trimesters the recommended maternal weight gain is about 0 5 kg 1 lb week Numbers for those who are starting with healthy numbers Underweight BMI less than 18 5 needs to gain more and can gain 28 40lbs Overweight BMI and Obese should not gain as much 5 25 and 1 25 lbs Underweight at onset of pregnancy or too little weight gain increases risk of Low birth weight infantincreased risk of infant illness or death Overweight at onset of pregnancy or too much weight gain increases risk of LGA infant risk for being obese later in life For mother high BP diabetes obesity after pregnancy and difficult delivery Benefits of Physical Activity During Pregnancy Improves digestion Prevents excess weight gain back pain constipation Reduces risk of diabetes hypertension Facilitates labor reduces stress Faster recovery from childbirth Low Impact Activities are best 3 4 times a week reduce intensity not exceed 30 min walking low impact and include warm up cool down Energy needs Increase protein 25 g per day CHO 175 g fats stay the same Fluid needs for increased blood volume will change from 2 7 L d to 3L day Must combine fiber with water and exercise 1st trimester No increase in E intake required 2nd trimester additional 340 calories day 3rd trimester additional 452 calories day Pregnant women 3 cups 3 cups 3 cups of milk More vitamin D is already activated doubled therefore don t need to increase Vitamin and mineral needs Calcium Calcium requirements during pregnancy is the same as non pregnant woman because Ca absorption in GI tract doubles How to meet calcium needs 3 4 servings of Ca day of Calcium rich veggies fortified foods Risk factor associated to inadequate calcium intake during pregnancy Preeclampsia Ca Mg and K important to prevent hypertension bc Ca relaxes the arteries Vitamin and mineral needs Folate Folate during pregnancy needed for DNA synthesis and cell division For infant reduced risk of Neural tube defects Spina bifida Anencephaly Premature delivery and low birth weight