Lecture 20 Ch 11 Pregnancy and Infancy Nutrition Nutritional needs change at each stage of the life cycle. Establish eating habits before pregnancy: Fathers-to-be: Lifestyle and dietary habits may affect the number and motility of their sperm. ** (Weight, zinc, folate, antioxidants)  Mothers-to-be: Appropriate body weight before pregnancy Folic acid at least one month prior to conception- PREVENTS NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS Moderate caffeine consumption ~ fertility issues (want to reduce less than 200 mg/day) Moderate fish consumption ~methylmercury-harms nervous systemGestation: The time between conception and birth, lasts approximately 40 weeks in humans; divided into 3 3-month periods or trimesters. Conception to week 2:Pre-embryo. Week 3-8: embryo, placenta begins to form and is completed by week 5. After week 8: fetus. NUTR 202 1nd Edition6. Embryonic Stage: Wks. 2 thru 8. Rudiments of all body structures formed.7. Fetal Stage: Wk. 9 to birth. Body structures and organs form and grow.Placenta: ORGAN, made of maternal and embryonic tissues; functions: secretes hormones, transfers oxygen & nutrients from maternal to fetal blood, and removes wastes.Full term at 40 weeks: 6.5-9A birth weight of less than 5.5 lbs: Low birth weightA birth weight of less than 3.3 lbs: Very low birth rate For those born at gestational age, birth weight may be: Large-for-gestational-age (LGA) > 8.8 lbs. Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) failed to grow well.Overweight pregnant women: cannot give diet always have to give E requirement. She should not loose weight; she should gain some weight but not as much as a normal woman.Healthy woman gain on avg 25-35 lbs. Weight gain during pregnancy necessary to support and protect fetus, preparation for lactation.Blood volume increases by 50%. Placenta develops to nourish the fetus/embryo. Amount of body fat increases to provide energy needed late in pregnancy. Uterus enlarges and muscles and ligaments relax to accommodatethe growing fetus and allow for childbirth. Breasts develop in preparation for lactation (milk production and secretion). Maternal fat will be nourishment for the baby!  Little gain is expected in the first 3 months (1st trimester), usually about 1–2 kg (2–4 lbs) In the 2nd and 3rd trimesters, the recommended maternal weight gain is about 0.5 kg (1 lb./week)  *Numbers for those who are starting with healthy numbers. Underweight BMI less than 18.5: needs to gain more and can gain 28-40lbs. Overweight BMI and Obese: should not gain as much: 5-25 and 1-25 lbs. Underweight at onset of pregnancy or too little weight gain increases risk of: Low birth weight infant- increased risk of infant illness or death.Overweight at onset of pregnancy or too much weight gain increases risk of: LGA infant: risk for being obese later in life. For mother: high BP, diabetes, obesity after pregnancy, and, difficult delivery.Benefits of Physical Activity During Pregnancy: Improves digestion; Prevents excess weight gain, back pain, constipation; Reduces risk of diabetes & hypertension; Facilitates labor & reduces stress; Faster recovery from childbirth. Low Impact Activities are best. 3/4 times a week, reduce intensity, not exceed 30 min: walking, lowimpact, and include warm up/cool down.Energy needs: Increase protein (25 g per day) & CHO (175 g), fats stay the same. Fluid needs for increased blood volume will change from 2.7 L/d to 3L/day. Must combine fiber with water and exercise.  1st trimester: No increase in E intake required 2nd trimester: additional 340 calories/day 3rd trimester: additional 452 calories/dayPregnant women: 3 cups, 3 cups, 3 cups of milk. More vitamin D is already activated (doubled) therefore don’t need to increase. Vitamin and mineral needs: Calcium - Calcium requirements during pregnancy is the same as non-pregnant woman because Ca absorption in GI tract doubles.How to meet calcium needs: 3-4 servings of Ca/day of Calcium-rich veggies, fortified foodsRisk factor associated to inadequate calcium intake during pregnancy: Preeclampsia. Ca, Mg, and K important to prevent hypertension bc Ca relaxes the arteries. Vitamin and mineral needs: Folate - Folate during pregnancy needed for DNA synthesis and cell divisionFor infant, reduced risk of: Neural tube defects: Spina bifida & Anencephaly Premature delivery and low birth