CBIO 2200 1nd Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 5 Lecture 1 August 21 What is the difference between anatomy and physiology Anatomy is the study of form while physiology is the study of function Four ways to examine the body 1 Inspection using eyes 2 Palpation feeling with hands 3 Auscultation listening with stethoscope 4 Percussion listening to sounds made when different parts of the body are hit Eight more in depth ways of studying the human body 1 Cadaver discovery dissecting dead bodies 2 Comparative anatomy studying animals with similar anatomical structure to humans 3 Exploratory surgery gross anatomy observable with the naked eye 4 Medical Imaging taking pictures such as x rays 5 Radiology study of treating disease through images taken within body 6 Cytology observation of cells 7 Histology microscopic anatomy histopathology study of tissue under microscope 8 Ultrastructure electron microscope to look at details of cells Three sub disciplines of physiology 1 Neurophysiology phys of nervous system 2 Endocrinology phys of hormones 3 Pathophysiology phys of disease Four steps of scientific method 1 Make observation based on previous knowledge 2 Come up with hypothesis 3 Carry out experiments 4 Start to make predictions deductions What two men were key in forming the scientific method Francis Bacon England Rene Descartes France Why was the scientific method formed To set standards for truth a uniform approach to experimentation The inductive method described by Francis Bacon make numerous observations basis of clinical studies used in anatomy Hypothetical deductive method used in physiology investigator asks questions and then forms hypothesis Two characteristics of a good hypothesis 1 Consistent with previous knowledge truths 2 Testable and possibly falsifiable with evidence The hierarchy of complexity microscopic macroscopic Atom molecule macromolecule organelle cell tissue organ organ system organism What is reductionism The theory that a large complex system can be understood by studying small components of it Aristotle came up with this What is holism There are emergent properties of the whole organism humans are more than just the sum of their parts Although there is a most common structure for humans variations can occur What are some variations in organ locations that can occur Pelvic kidney one kidney remains lower in the pelvic region instead of rising upward during development Heart variations in branches of the aorta Abdominal aorta common iliac arteries can become twisted and bent Nine characteristics of life that distinguishes living things from nonliving things 1 Organization 2 Evolution 3 Cellular composition 4 Movement 5 Development 6 Reproduction 7 Metabolism 8 Responsiveness 9 Homeostasis Describe the reference man and reference woman Reference man 22 years 154 lbs light physical activity consumes 2800 calories day Reference woman 22 years 128 lbs light physical activity consumes 2000 calories day Lecture 2 August 26 What is homeostasis Maintaining a stable internal condition despite external conditions Who discovered that our bodies maintain their internal temperature Claude Bernard Who coined the term homeostasis Walter Cannon What is negative feedback A response to the original stimulus that reduces the stimulus itself in our body 99 of systems are negative feedback and only 1 is positive Keeps body in dynamic equilibrium within a limited range like a air conditioning thermostat Negative feedback what is the receptor This is what receives the stimulus many receptors in the body What is the integrating control center This is the brain in the human body processes stimulus and send instructions to body What is the integrator in negative feedback This is whatever will carry out the instructions to the body What negative feedback system is the hypothalamus involved in Responsible for setting our body temperature What are thermo receptors Receptors that sense change in blood temperature What happens in response o Vasodilation opens blood vessels cools body temp o Vasoconstriction constricts blood vessels heats body temp What are baroreceptors Raises blood pressure after temporary reduction when standing up does this by accelerating heart beat and causing vasoconstriction these become slower to react as you age What is positive feedback rapid change The response to the original stimulus that enhances the stimulus itself i e fever blood clotting What is a self amplifying structure Leads to greater change of the original stimulus in same direction Ex chemicals in a wound call white blood cells to area which in response give off chemicals that call more white blood cells the area In what direction to matter and energy tend to flow Down their concentration gradients from and area of high concentration to an area of low concentration What is a gradient Difference in chemical concentration charge temp or pressure between two points Why was there confusion about anatomical terminology during the renaissance There were different names for the same thing in different countries because of lack of traveling abilities What was created to establish consistent anatomical terms The Standard International Anatomical Terminology aka Terminologia Anatomica TA How many medical terms have Greek or Latin roots 90 What are acronyms of medical terms made from Obtained from first letter or first few letters of word Body Positions Anatomical Position Reference position for anatomical description An individual in anatomical position is standing erect with arms at sides palms facing forward with fingers pointing downward feet parallel to each other and flat on the floor and eyes directed forward Prone Position of the body when lying face down Supine Position of the body when lying face up Planes of Body Coronal plane A plane that passes side to side through the body dividing it into anterior and posterior portions Also called frontal plane Midsagittal Plane A plane that passes from front to back through the midline of the body dividing into right and left halves Also called median plane Oblique Plane A slanted plane not horizontal or vertical that passes through body Sagittal Plane A plane that passes from front to back through the body dividing it into right and left positions Transverse Plane A plane that passes perpendicular to the long axis of the body dividing it into superior and inferior portions Directional Terms Anterior Toward the front of the body e g the sternum is