PSIO 201 5th Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I Levels of Biological Organization and the Principles of Homeostasis Outline of Current Lecture II Chemical Level of Organization Principles of Physiological Chemistry III IV A B C How matter is organized Chemistry and its Bonds Covalent Bonds Ionic Bonds Hydrogen Bonds V Concepts of Concentration Current Lecture Chemical Level of Organization chemical elements are life s building blocks called atoms which make up the elements Nucleus positive protons and neutral neutrons Atomic number is the number of protons in the atom There is an equal number of protons and electrons The mass number is the sum of the protons and neutrons Matter is organized into a molecule which is made up of two or more atoms that share their electrons A compound is a substance with two or more elements Bonds connect the different elements A chemical bond depends on the number of valence electrons on the outer most orbital Stability is determined by valence electrons Organic compounds have carbon Inorganic compounds do not have carbon Organic compounds include 1 Lipids 2 Carbohydrates 3 Nucleic acids 4 High energy phosphate molecules Ionic Bonds Particles with a net charge are called ions An Ionic compound either gives or takes electrons These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Covalent Bonds two or more atoms that share electrons A bonds is formed as either single double or triple A covalent bond can either be polar which is an unequal distribution of electrons H20 or can be non polar which has an equal distribution of electrons CH4 Hydrogen bonds Contain a partial positive and a partial negative charge They have partial poles of polar covalent bonds with partial electrical charges Concepts making bonds that release energy is called exothermic Breaking bonds that requires energy is endothermic A reaction can use a catalyst to reduce the amount of energy needed for the reaction which will make the reaction actually go faster Enzymes are biological catalysts such as hexotenase Buffer systems are life sponges in the sense that it is how we keep hydrogen ions in check PH concepts the lower the PH value the higher the concentration very acidic The higher the PH value the lower the concentration
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