CBIO 2200 1nd Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I Homeostasis II Positive feedback rapid change III Gradients and flow IV The history of anatomical terminology V The importance of precision Atlas A I The anatomical position II Major body regions III Abdominal quadrants IV Abdominal regions V Anatomical planes of body VI Body cavities VII Organ systems Outline of Current Lecture I Chemistry of Life II The Chemical Elements III Electrolytes These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute IV Isotopes and Radioactivity V Radiation and Madame Curie VI Physical vs Biological Half Life VII Water and Mixtures VIII Acids Bases and pH IX Metabolism X Carbon Compounds and Functional Groups XI Monomers and Polymers XII Carbohydrate XIII Lipids Current Lecture Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life I II Chemistry of life a Chemical elements b Electrolytes c Water properties d pH e Four groups of carbon compounds The Chemical Elements a Element simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties b Atomic number of an element of protons in element c Periodic table 118 known elements arranged by atomic number i 24 elements have biological role take place in human body 1 6 elements 98 5 of body weight know these a Oxygen carbon hydrogen nitrogen calcium and phosphorous b Organic compounds contain carbon organic means living 2 Trace elements the other 18 elements called this because we only need very small amounts of them cofactors of 6 major elements III IV V VI d Minerals inorganic elements nonliving i Calcium phosphorous magnesium potassium sodium iron zinc and sulfur ii Supportive role in body e Minerals constitute 4 of body Electrolytes a Electrolytes are the salts of these minerals i In chemistry an electrolyte is any substance containing free ions that make the substance electrically conductive b Electrolyte solutions i NaCl s Na aq Cl aq ii Sodium chloride is the most important c Electrolytes in physiology i Muscles and neurons are activated by electrolyte activity ii Serious electrolyte disturbances such as over hydration and dehydration may lead to cardiac and neurological complications iii Cardiac complications come about because of sodium potassium levels heart beats too fast because of electrolytes iv If you take in too much water in a short period of time brain swells and causes death water goes out of blood stream into tissue because of water electrolyte imbalance in blood stream v Dehydration you lose water and hypothalamus tells you to drink water to balance out electrolytes sodium chloride in water Isotopes and Radioactivity a Isotope more neutrons the natural chemical element b Radioisotopes radioactive isotopes c Radioactivity only if isotope is unstable and gives off electrons C 14 d High energy radiations ejects electrons from atoms converting atoms to ions e Destroys molecules and produces dangerous free radicals and ions in human tissue i Sources include 1 UV light X rays nuclear decay alpha beta and gamma rays logos radiation relatively safe except for reproductive organs 2 Wear lead vest to protect reproductive organs because rays can t penetrate lead Radiation and Madame Curie a First woman to receive Nobel Prize 1903 b First woman in world to receive a Ph D i Discovered radioactivity of polonium and radium c Died of radiation poisoning at 67 Physical vs Biological Half life a Physical half life of radioisotopes doesn t matter where it is VII VIII IX i Time needed for 50 to decay into a stable state ii 5 mCu H3 2 5 mCu microcuries 12 yrs 1 It will take another 12 to get to 1 75 mCu b Biological Half life of radioisotopes i The length of time required for of the radioactive substance to be eliminated from the body ii Tritium H3 has a fairly long physical half life but clears from the body in 10 days other people can be exposed during this time iii Generally have bio and phys half lifes short than the tritium radioisotopes Water and Mixtures a Water is 50 to 75 of body weight i Depends on age sex fat content etc b Polar covalent bonds and V shaped molecule 2 most important characteristics of water i Solvency dissolves most things good solvent ii Cohesion water molecules can cling to other molecules iii Adhesion water molecules tend to cling to other water molecules iv Chemical reactivity stable molecule except with Na metal magnesium and some other free elements not compounds with these elements v Thermal stability it takes a lot of energy to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Acid Bases and Ph a Our bodies use buffers to resist changes in pH constantly happening challenging homeostasis of 7 4 normal body pH i Drinking coffee coke etc challenges body pH because they are acidic b pH is a measurement of molarity of H i pH scale invented by Soren Sorensen discovered through beer c A change of one number on the pH scale from 7 to 6 represents a 10 fold change in H concentration i You have added 10x more hydrogen ii Increase more basic iii Decrease more acidic Metabolism one of bodies major functions a Metabolism all the chemical reactions of body i Catabolism Energy releasing exergonic decomposition reactions 1 Break food down into basic molecules that we need or don t need 2 i e glucose in fruit 3 What you don t need you store why you gain weight ii Anabolism energy storing endergonic synthesis reactions 1 Reassemble the substances we need and use it X XI XII 2 Fast metabolic rate uses more ATP and uses up more or glucose or other needed substances to make more depends on genetics and exercise b Catabolism and Anabolism are inseparably linked can t have one without the other Carbon Compounds and Functional groups a Organic chemistry the study of compounds containing carbon b Four main categories of carbon compounds i Carbohydrates ii Lipids iii Proteins iv Nucleic Acids composed of nucleotides c Can refer to these compounds as single molecules or chains of molecules Monomers and Polymers a Monomers single units of compounds b Polymers several units of compounds together chain c Macromolecules very large molecules i e DNA strand of proteins Carbohydrates hydrophilic easily dissolved in water organic molecules a General Formula CH2O n n number of carbon atoms b 2 1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen because they are different in lipids c Names of carbohydrates often built from i Word root sacchar sugar ii Suffix ose sweet sugar d Three most important monosaccharides for