CBIO 2200 1nd Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I Anatomy II Physiology III Scientific method IV The Inductive Method V Hypothetical Deductive Method VI The Hierarchy of Complexity VII Anatomical Variation VIII Characteristics of Life IX Physiological Variation Outline of Current Lecture I Homeostasis II Positive feedback rapid change III Gradients and flow IV The history of anatomical terminology V The importance of precision Atlas A I The anatomical position These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute II Major body regions III Abdominal quadrants IV Abdominal regions V Anatomical planes of body VI Body cavities VII Organ systems Current Lecture I Homeostasis maintaining a stable internal condition despite external conditions a Claude Bernard discovered that our bodies maintain their internal temperature b Walter Cannon coined the term homeostasis c Negative Feedback a response to the original stimulus reduces the stimulus itself of the feedback systems in our body 99 are positive and only 1 are positive i Dynamic equilibrium within a limited range around a set point 1 Like a thermostat body temp 98 6 2 If temp goes below body heats up if above body cools down d Receptor this is what receives the stimulus there are many receptors in the body the thermostat would be the receptor e Integrating control center this is the brain in the human body also would be the thermostat in the example it processes and sends instructions to body f Integrator like the furnace in the example this is whatever will carry out the instructions received from the brain i e sweat blood vessel constriction etc g Hypothalamus is responsible for setting our body temperatures i When a fever is present 99 5 degrees microorganisms trick the hypothalamus into thinking that this is within the normal range for body temp so it will not try to correct it ii You feel cool if you re not at the temperature the hypothalamus thinks you should be at iii Your body will try to get rid of microorganisms but if it cant the fever becomes fatal at 113 degrees h Example of negative feedbacki Thermo receptors sense change in blood temp 1 Vasodilation opens blood vessels cools body 2 Vasoconstriction constricts blood vessels heats body ii Baroreceptor slower to react as you age 1 When you get dizzy when you stand up too fast it is because of hypotension reduction in blood pressure 2 It is the baroreceptors that correct this II III IV 3 Brain accelerates heart beat and cause vasoconstriction in order to increase blood pressure again 4 Low blood pressure baroreceptors are slower to respond 5 High blood pressure constant vasoconstriction and increased heart rate Positive Feedback Rapid Change the response to the original stimulus enhances the stimulus itself fever blood clotting a Self amplifying cycle i Leads to greater change in same direction in original stimulus b Normal way of producing rapid change i Example blood clotting chemicals in wound call whit blood cells to area which in response give off chemicals that call more white blood cells to the area ii Child birth baby s head pushes against the surfaces which causes release of oxytocin which stimulates uterine contractions cause fetus to push on surface again this repeats until the baby is out of the cervix Gradients and Flow a Matter and energy tend to flow down their gradients b Gradient difference in chemical concentration charge temp or pressure between two points c High blood pressure blockage in body so heart has to pump harder to move blood against blockage i When the pressure in the heart is greater than the pressure in the stomach the blood flows easily down its pressure gradient from the heart to the stomach ii If the pressure raises in the stomach above the pressure of the heart the heart has to work a lot harder because it must flow against it s pressure gradient The history of anatomical terminology a Naming confusion during renaissance i There were different names for the same thing in different countries because of the lack of traveling abilities b The Standard International Anatomical terminology was created to establish names i Terminologia Anatomica TA c 90 of medical terms have Greek Latin roots d Terminology is based on word elements i Lexicon word elements are in back cover of textbook e Scientific terms i Root ii Prefix iii Suffix V f Acronyms are obtained from first letter or first few letters of word g Plural adjectival possessive form of medical terms i Plural forms vary ii Adjectival for can be different than noun form iii Adjective often follows noun The importance of precision a Be precise in your terms including spelling b Health care professions demand this type of precision c People s lives are in your hands d Ex of mistake ilium in hip ileum in intestines i Only slightly different spellings but they mean completely different things Atlas A General Body Orientation I II III IV The anatomical position reference point a Palms and body facing forward feet slightly apart b Aka supine position forearm is supinated palm facing anteriorly c Superior Inferior above below does not change standing up or lying down d Posterior anterior front of body back of body does not change standing up or lying down e Directional terms i Ventral or anterior vs Dorsal or posterior ii Rostral toward head v caudal toward tail iii Median toward median line of body vs lateral outward from median line Major body regions a Axial region i Head neck and trunk 1 Trunk is further divided by diaphragm into thoracic and abdominal region b Appendicular region i Upper and lower limbs Abdominal quadrants a Left right upper quadrants LUQ RUQ b Left right lower quadrants LLQ RLQ Abdominal regions 9 a Left right hypochondriac a d a b L R lumbar b e b c L R inguinal d Epigastric c f c e Umbilical f Hypogastric pubic V VI VII Anatomical planes of Body frame of reference a Sagittal and midsagittal median plane i Down midline of body b Transverse horizontal cut anywhere along the body c Frontal coronal Plane should to should across body separates front and back Body cavities a Cranial brain b Vertebral cord c Thoracic lungs heart i Pleurae lungs ii Pericardial heart d Abdomino pelvic i Abdominal stomach organs ii Pelvic reproductive organs 11 organ systems plus immune system a In anatomy and physiology we focus on i Integumentary ii Skeletal iii Muscle iv Nervous