CBIO 2200 1nd Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Current Lecture I Anatomy II Physiology III Scientific method IV The Inductive Method V Hypothetical Deductive Method VI The Hierarchy of Complexity VII Anatomical Variation VIII Characteristics of Life IX Physiological Variation Current Lecture Chapter 1 Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology I Anatomy the study of human structure form a Observation is key to understanding anatomy b Ways to examine the structure of the human body i Inspection looking with eyes ii Palpation feeling with hands iii Auscultation listening with stethoscope iv Percussion listening to sounds made when body parts i e stomach are hit c Cadaver discovery dissecting dead bodies to learn about the human body These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute d Comparative anatomy because human dissections surgeries are limited scientists often use animals that are close to humans in anatomical structure in order to learn about the human body e Exploratory surgery i Gross anatomy observable with the naked eye big enough to see without microscope f Medical imaging i e x rays i Radiology the study of treating disease through images taken within body g Cytology the observation of cells h Histology microscopic anatomy i Histopathology study of tissue under a microscope i Ultrastructure Electron microscope to look at detail within a cell i Mostly just used in research Random An increase in white blood cells is always indicative of infection II III IV V Physiology study of the function of the human body a Sub disciplines i Neurophysiology phys of nervous system ii Endocrinology phys of hormones iii Pathophysiology phys of disease b Comparative physiology same as in anatomy only they study the physiology of animals with similar anatomical structures to humans Scientific Method a uniform approach to experimentation a Driven by observations i Make observation based on previous experiences knowledge inductive reasoning and questions ii Come up with hypothesis must be testable iii Carry out experiments iv Start to make predictions deductions to test and eliminate some predictions b Francis Bacon England and Rene Descartes France were key in forming the scientific method c Science Scientific method i Set standards for truth must be repeatable to be proven true The Inductive method used in anatomy a Described by Francis Bacon i Make numerous observations basis of clinical studies ii Knowledge of obtaining was obtained by this method Hypothetical deductive method Used in Physiology a Investigator asks questions b Forms hypothesis VI VII VIII IX c Characteristics of a good hypothesis i Consistent with previous knowledge truths ii Testable and possible falsifiable with evidence The hierarchy of complexity macroscopic microscopic a Atom molecule macromolecule organelle cell tissue organ organ system organism b Reductionism the theory that a large complex system can be understood by studying small components of it Aristotle came up with this c Holism there are emergent properties of the whole organism humans are more than just the sum of their parts Anatomical Variation a No two humans are exactly alike b There is a most common structure for humans c Some however are anatomically varied they differ from the common structure i e missing muscles extra vertebrae renal arteries etc d Variation in organ locations i Pelvic kidney one kidney does not travel to the right location during formation and remains lower than the other kidney ii Heart variations of branches of the aorta iii Abdominal aorta common iliac arteries can become twisted and bent Characteristics of life what distinguishes living things from nonliving things a Organization b Evolution c Cellular composition d Movement e Development f Reproduction g Metabolism h Responsiveness i Homeostasis Physiological variation a There are typical physiological values i Reference man 22 years 154 lbs light physical activity consumes 2800 cal day ii Reference woman same values as man except 128 lbs and 2000 cal day b Physicians need to consider how each patient deviates from these standards height weight age etc