SLHS 261 1nd EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 20Unit 1 Lectures 1-3 What are the functions of the following cranial nerves? Vagus, Trigeminal, Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Accessory, Hypoglossal X Vagus:Pharyngeal: PharynxSuperior Laryngeal Branch: Internal- all muscles except CT; sensory, supplies some mucous membranes of tongue, larynx External- supplies CT and part of inferior pharyngeal constrictorRecurrent: Sensory to lower part of larynx and the rest of the intrinsic laryngeal musclesV Trigeminal: sensation from face, scalp, teeth, tympanic membrane, tongueOpthalmic: forhead to eyesMaxillary: midfaceMandibular: lower jaw, sensory to lower face/ motor to muscles of masticationVII Facial Nerve: face and stapedius in ear, salivary and tear glands, mucous membranes, tongue and soft/hard palateIX Glossopharyngeal Nerve: stylopharyngeus, tongue, pharynx, tonsils XI Accessory: Spinal branch- sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles Cranial branch- pharyngeal XII Hypoglossal: muscles of tongueUnit 2 Lectures 4-8What chest wall muscles are the inspiratory and expiratory? What are the inspiratory forces associated with supine vs. upright? Inspiratory- Diaphragm, Rib cage musclesExpiratory: Some rib cage muscles and abdominal wall musclesSupine UprightInspiration -DI (+AB) -DIExpiration +RC<+AB +RCUnit 3 Lectures 9-10 What are the functions of the 5 intrinsic laryngeal muscles? Know the cartilages in the larynx and whether a movement in the cartilage produces a lengthening or shortening of the vocal folds. What changes in the vocal folds produce an increase or decrease in the fundamental frequency? TA- adductor and shortens CT- tensor and lengthens LCA- adduct and shortens PCA – abduct IA- adduct When the thyroid moves forward and the arytenoid moves back- there is a lengthening in vocal folds. When the thyroid moves back and the arytenoid moves forward- there is a shortening of vocal folds. There is a change in fundamental frequency when the vocal folds lengthen/shorten and when there is a vibration or lack of vibration in the vocal foldsUnit 4 Lectures 11-18 What are the functions of the following muscles: palatal levator, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeal, uvulus, pharyngeal constrictor muscles and stylopharyngeus? What muscles enlarge and constrict the anterior nares? Is speech hypernasal or hyponasal when the velopharynx is unable to close? What happens to swallowing when the velopharynx is unable to close? Is speech hypernasal or hyponasal when the nasal pathways are congested? Explain the causes and treatments of Trismus. What does the tongue do when you sleep? What are the functions of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue? What are the functions of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue? Be able to categorize each of the muscles presented intothe five functional categories. Know the general model used to describe speech production and birdsong.Know the roles of the extrinsic muscles in vowel positioning. What would a front vowel versus a back vowel look like on a spectrogram. up forward back down shortenspalatal levator x xpalatoglossus x xpalatopharyngeal x xUvulus xconstricts widens raises Superior constrictor XMiddle constrictor XInferior constrictor XStylopharyngeus X XPalatopharyngeus X XSpeech is hypernasal when the velopharynx is unable to close and hyponasal when the pathways are congested. Trismus is also known as lock jaw and is spasm of mastication. It is caused by condylar fracture or infection. The treatments are to reduce the fracture or treat the infection with antibiotics. The tongue forces saliva down your throat when you sleep. Muscle FunctionSuperior Longitudinal Moves tips and sides of tongue forward; shortens tongue Inferior Longitudinal Moves tip of tongue downward; shortens Enlarge Anterior Nares Constrict Anterior NaresLevator labii superioris alaque nasiXAnterior nasal dilator XPosterior nasal dilator XNasalis XDepressor Alae Nasi XtongueTransverse Narrows and elongates tongue Vertical Flattens/broadens tongue; protrudes tongueMuscle FunctionPalatoglossus Elevates the posterior part of the tongue and can also lower the soft palateStyloglossus Retracts TongueHyoglossus Retracts and depresses tongueGenioglossus Protrudes and depresses the tongueThe following figure is really helpful for determining which muscle is activated for certain vowels if you know the vowel quadrilateral.Unit 5: Lecture 19-20What are the two phases of song learning development (birdsong)? Dopamine modulates what in song birds? What is different between vocal practice and vocal performances in terms of F0 variability? What is the main vocal organ in song birds? Recognize perceptual characteristics of Parkinson’s speech? What is the main problem with the vocal folds and what happens to the vowel space for speakers with Parkinson’s? What is one site of neurodegeneration? What does LSVT stand for? Know what symptoms and anatomical components are associate with cleft palate. What three tools can be used to diagnose cleft palate? Know what symptoms and anatomical components are associated with dysphagia. Sensory acquisition (learning) and sensorimotor learning (practice)Dopamine modulates fundamental frequency variability in songbirds; during practice, the F0 variability ishigher than during performance. The syrinx is the main vocal organ in song birds. The perceptual characteristics of Parkinson’s speech are reduced loudness, hoarse voice quality, monotone voice, imprecise articulation, vocal tremor. There is glottal incompetence in individuals with Parkinson’s. Specifically, bowing or lack of full closure in the middle of the vocal folds occurs. The trajectory of the vowel space becomes compressed. The basal ganglia is a site of neurodegeneration of dopamine. LSVT= Lee Silverman Voice TreatmentsA split in the palate, difficulty swallowing, nasal speaking voice, and lack of tissue fusing in the palate are all symptoms of cleft palate. The tree tools used to diagnose cleft palate are oral mechanism exam, nasendoscopy, and manometry. Some of the symptoms and anatomical components associated with dysphagia are as follows: - Larynx isn’t raising, which may prevent the esophagus from opening up- LCA may not be functioning correctly- Tongue may not be forming boluses easily or pushing food back