SLHS 261 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture I. Neural Control of Breathing and Laryngeal AnatomyA. Laryngeal Anatomyi. Cartilages-a. Thyroid: vocal folds live inside this cartilage b. Cricoid Cartilage: ring around the trachea that attaches to the thyroid cartilage and the arytenoid cartilage via facetc. Arytenoid Cartilage: attaches to cricoid via facet, attaches to thevocal folds vial the vocal process (pointy part), and attaches to muscle via the muscular processd. Paired cartilages: arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiforme. Unpaired cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottisOutline of Current Lecture II. TerminologyCurrent LectureA. Positioning of the vocal foldsi. Abducted- vocal folds apart, during respiration and unvoiced consonants. Arytenoid cartilage involved in the abduction of the vocal foldsii. Adducted- vocal folds together, during sound production (phonation) and airway protectioniii. Lengthening- thyroid cartilage moves forward, arytenoid cartilage moves backward iv. Shortening- thyroid cartilage moves backward, arytenoid cartilage moves forward III. Vocal Fold HistologyA. Five Layers (outermost layer in) 1. Epithelium (Cover)2. Superficial Layer, Lamina Propria (Cover)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3. Intermediate Layer, Lamina Propria (Cover)4. Deep Layer, Lamina Propria (Body)5. Muscle (Body)IV. Laryngeal Musculature A. Intrinsic Muscles i. Thyroarytenoid (TA)- connects the thyroid cartilage and the arytenoid cartilageii. Lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA)- connects the arytenoid cartilage to the cricoid cartilage iii . Interarytenoid (IA)- transverse (big bulky part) and oblique part (ribbon like crossing) iv. Cricothyroid (CT)- connects the cricothyroid cartilage to the thyroid- v. Posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) – posterior cricoarytenoidV. Intrinsic Muscle Adjustments i. Thyroarytenoid- when unopposed by other muscles it draws the arytenoid cartilages anteriorly and medially. It shortens, relaxes, and adducts the vocal folds. Whenopposed by other muscles it increases internal tension of the vocal folds. Two parts: Thyromuscularis (external)= through to be used for rapid shortening of the vocal fold. Thyrovocalis muscle (internal)= find tunes the tension in the most medial fibers. Bilateralthyroarytenoid- results in medial bulging of both vocal folds.ii. Cricothyroid (CT)- Pulls thyroid cartilage inferiorly and/ or pulls cricoid superiorly. Lengthens and tenses the vocal folds- which affects pitch. CT and the TA worktogether to change the pitch. iii. Lateral Cricoarytenoid- rocks arytenoid cartilages anteriorly and slides them laterally. Directs vocal processes medially to adduct the vocal