SLHS 261 1st Edition Lecture 15Outline of Last Lecture I. Buccal Cavity and Mucosal Lining; Intrinsic and Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue; Muscle ClassificationsOutline of Current Lecture II. Smile and frowning: Angular muscles and vertical muscles A. Smiling: Levator Labii superioris ad zymgomatic minor and buccinators, levator,zygomatic major and anguli orisB. Frowning: Mentalis, Invictus labii inferioris, depressor labii inferioris III. Pharyngeal-Oral Function and Speech ProductionA. Using the System to Produce Speech involves: 1. Respiration: Sound Source 2. Phonation: produce sound3. Vocal Tract: shape sound4. Articulation5. auditory feedback, kinesthetic feed, and proprioceptive feedback that goes back to the cortex IV. Contributions of each subsystem to speech productionA. Respiratory: sound sourceB. Laryngeal: PhonationC. Velopharyngeal: nasal sounds V. ArticulationA. Articulators: Alter the shape of vocal tract and create additional sources of vibrational energy at points in the tract above the vocal folds. i. Moving parts- lips, tongue, jaw, velum (soft palate), pharynx ii. Non-moving parts- teeth, hard palate VI. Indirect study of speech production/Acoustics A. Acoustic measures: correlates of what you perceivei. Timing characteristics: Speech rate, pause time, pause locations, voice rise time, ,glottal attack, rate of rise of amplitude traceThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Articulatory correlates: formant transitions; noise, high frequency energy, overall energy, blurring of formants, steadiness of harmonicsB. X-ray motion picturei. X-rays pass through the body but attenuated by tissue and bone; phosphor screen emits light in response to X-rays; film is exposed to the light to form a picture ii. Advantages: images all structures involved in speaking, chewing, and swallowingiii. Disadvantages: X-ray radiation, only sagittal projection, no direct access to numerical data C. Videofluoroscopy (2D) X-ray videoi. The standard diagnosis for swallowing ii. produces a 2D image at a rate of 30 frames per second iii. Disadvantage: uses radiationD. MRIi. Used to acquire 2D or volumetric 3D imagesii. Advantages: relatively high quality images and safe E. Ultrasoundi. Advantages: Safe, convenient, portableii. Disadvantages: Only useful for imaging tongue surface and poor quality imagesF. Electropalatographyi. Advantage: measure tongue-palate contact in real time speechii. Disadvantage: requires a personalized artificial palate with 60-100 embedded electrodes and doesn’t measure how far the tongue traveled to touch the palateG. Flesh point tracking: Strain Gauge i. Motion of discrete points on the lips and jaw are tracked;can also track muscle movement ii. Disadvantage: Requires a mechanical link or coupling to the recording device which can cause less movement H. Flesh point tracking: Articulographyi. attach tiny pellets/transmitters to the articulators and track theirpositions over timeii. Advantages: high temporal resolution and safe; helped create the vowel quadrilateral and consonant positionsiii. Sparse spatial resolution and only captures information about the oral