SLHS 261 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 4 - 8Lecture 4 (February 6)Central NervousWhich tract connects the UMN cortical neurons to the brainstem cranial LMN (V, VII, XI, X)? What do the Anterior Portion and Posterior Portion of the Internal Capsule do? What does the corticospinal tract connect? What are the functions of each of the lobes? What are the precentral gyrus and the postcentral gyrus responsible for? What is hydrocephalus and how is it treated? What happens when there is a single mutation in an amino acid in FOXP2? What is FOXP2 important for and how is the Basal Ganglia involved? - The corticobulbar tract connects the UMN cortical neurons to the brainstem cranial LMN. Remember, bulbar means brainstem. - The anterior portion of the internal capsule is responsible for functioning of the face, jaw, tongue, velopharyngeal and laryngeal muscles. The posterior portion plays an influence motor neurons in spinal cord efferent to arms and legs. - The precentral gyrus is the primary motor cortex and deals with movement planning. The postcentral gyrus in parietal lobe is primary somatosensory cortex. - The temporal lobe deals with hearing, memories, emotions, language comprehension. The parietal lobe is involves with sensory, language processing. The frontal lobe is involved with executive decisions. The occipital lobe is involved with vision.- When there is a single mutation of an amino acid of FOXP2 . It was first identified in ‘KE family’ . FOXP2 deals with the sequencing of orofacial movements, articulations, etc. It has been structural abnormalities in Basal Ganglia. Lecture 5(February 11 ) What are the speech deficits associated with Parkinson’s? What are the two main parts of the breathing apparatus? What are the main components of the pulmonary apparatus? What are the different pleura and how many lobes does the lungs have? What are the four parts of the chest wall? What are the vertebrae and their numbers? - The speech deficits associated with Parkinson’s include vocal chances, voice is soft, breathy, hoarse, monotonous, stuttering and reduced articulation.-The two main parts of the breathing apparatus are the pulmonary apparatus and the chest wall. - The pulmonary apparatus is made up of the pulmonary airways (lower airways) and the lungs. The lungs contain 5 lobes (3 lobes on the right and 2 lobes on the left) and are surrounded by the thorax. There are two pleura: visceral (lines the lungs) and the parietal (lines the rib cage wall and the diaphragm). - The chest wall has three active components- ribcage wall, the diaphragm and the abdominal wall. The abdominal content is the fourth component of the chest wall but is not active. - Vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 5 coccygeal Lecture 6 (February 13) What are the chest wall muscles of inspiration? Muscles of expiration? What function do they act out? What is pleural linkage and what is its function? What are the spinal nerves associated with breathing? What are the abdominal muscles and their functions? What are the passive forces? What are the active forces? What is alveolar pressure and when is it positive/ negative? - Muscles of Inspiration- Diaphragm: Attaches to the bottom of the sternum, lower 6 ribs, and upper lumbar vertebrae and attaches inwardly toward the central tendon. It pulls the central tendon downward and forward (pushes out the abdomen wall). The diaphragm also lifts the lower ribs (this enlarges the ribcage wall). - Sternocleidomastoid: runs from sternum and clavicle to temporal bone behind ear and works to lift ribs by force transmitted via sternum and clavicle in cases where the diaphragm may be damaged. - External Intercostals: 11 muscles located between ribs- elevates the ribs below it - Muscles of Expiration- Internal Intercostal pulls downward on rib cage wall, but the portion between cartilages pulls upward on rib cage wall - Pleural Linkage refers to the pleural membranes that link the chest wall and pulmonary apparatus together. The pleura have a thin layer of liquid that keeps them linked. Therefore,when the chest wall moves, the pulmonary apparatus moves with it. - Spinal nerves: i. C2-C8: Accessory (neck)ii. C3-5: diaphragmiii. T1-T12: rib cage walliv. T7-T12: abdomen wall- Abdominal Muscles: Expiratory o Rectus Abdominis: pulls down on the lower ribs and sternum and forces the abdomen in o Transverse Abdominis: lies underneath the internal and external oblique muscles and works to pull the sides and front of the abdominal wall inwardo Internal and External Oblique Muscles: pulls down on the lower ribs and forces the front and side of the abdominal wall inward - Passive Forces: The pulmonary apparatus can exert passive force. The natural resting sizeof passive forces are smaller.- Active Forces: The chest wall can exert both passive force and active force. The natural size of the chest wall is larger. - Alveolar pressure is the pressure inside the lungs. Positive Pressure is experienced when the lung volume is larger than resting volume. This is because when higher passive force is exerted, there is a higher positive alveolar pressure. When the lung volume is smaller than resting volume there is a greater negative passive force exerted and thus a more negative alveolar pressure. (For passive forces only). Lecture 7 (February 18) What are the movements of the rib cage wall, diaphragm, and abdominal wall? What are the output variables of breathing? What are the different lung volumes and capacities? What are the units of pressure used to measure alveolar pressure? Is Alveolar pressure positive or negative during inspiration? What are the three chest wall shapes? - Rib Cage Wall Movements: The pump handle movement increases the front to back dimension of the rib cage. The second movement is the bucket handle movement, which increase the side to side dimension of the rib cage.- Diaphragm Movements: The diaphragm flattens when it contracts and domes when it relaxes.It also flattens by the descent of the central tendon. At the top of deep breathing, thediaphragm is flat. When the rib cage is kept still, the diaphragm pushes the abdomen out. Thediaphragm lifts the rib cage when the abdomen is kept still and domes when the abdomen ispulled in.- Abdominal Wall Movements: When the abdominal wall moves in, the diaphragm domes,and the rib cage wall