SLHS 261 1nd EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Lectures: 11 - 18Lecture 11 (March 25)Velopharyngeal-Nasal Anatomy and Physiology What are the three cavities of the pharynx? What two components make up the velum? What isthe function of the tonsils? Know the function of the following: Palatal Levator, Palatoglossus, Palatopharyngeal, Uvulus. Identify is the follow bones are paired or single and what they make up: Maxillary, Palatine, Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Vomer, Nasal. The Internal and external pterygoid are associated with which bone? How are the nasal cavities separated? What are the lateral walls made up of? What is the function of the inferior conchae? What happens with a deviated septum? What are the parts of the outer nose? What muscles enlarge the anterior nares? Constrict the anterior nares? List the two cranial nerves that assist in the velopharynx. What does the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve serve? What does the superior (external/internal) laryngeal nerve serve? List the two cranial nerves for the nose. - The three cavities of the pharynx are: - nasopharynx-oropharynx- laryngopharynx - The velum: soft palate and the uvula- The tonsils trap germs enlarge by colds/virusesup forward back down shortenspalatal levator x xpalatoglossus x xpalatopharyngeal x xUvulus xThe bone Paired/Single What they make upMaxillary Paired ¾ hard palatePalatine Paired ¼ hard palate Sphenoid Single Back wall nasal cavity Ethmoid Single Upper side nasal cavityVomer Single Medial side nasal cavityNasal Paired Bridge of nose- The internal and external pterygoid are associated with the sphenoid bone- internal: depresses the mandible- external: elevates the mandibleHow the nasal cavitiesare separated What the lateral wallsare made up of The function of the inferior conchaDeviated septum causes Septum that is cartilage at the front and bone at the backConchae: large surface, rich with blood supply, also called turbinatesFilter and humidify Breathing problems, nose bleeds, facial pain, headaches, postnasal drip, snoring- Cranial Nerves ofthe Velopharynx: - IXGlossopharyngeal- XVagus - Cranial Nerves of the Nose: - V Trigeminal and VII Facial Laryngeal BranchSuperior Laryngeal NerveSuperior Laryngeal Nerve Internal Branch: larynx and muscous membranes of tongue PharynxSoft PalateExternal Branch: cricothyroid and inferior pharyngeal constrictorEnlarge Anterior Nares Constrict Anterior NaresLevator labii superioris alaque nasiXAnterior nasal dilator XPosterior nasal dilator XNasalis XDepressor Alae Nasi XLecture 12 (March 27) What structures comprise the velopharynx? Is the velum up or down when the velopharynx is open? Does airway resistance increase or decrease during constriction of the anterior nares? Why do we breathe through our nose during resting breathing? Why do we breath through our mouth during exercise? What muscle constricts the nasopharynx? Is the velum open or closed during vowel, nasal, and fricative production? What happens to the velopharynx during during swallowing? What muscles assist in closure of the velopharynx? - Velopharynx- velum and pharynx- The velum is down when the velopharynx is open- Airway resistance increases during constriction of the anterior nares and decreases during enlarging of the anterior nares- Nose hairs filter, moisturizes, and warms the air when we breath through our nose. This keeps components of the lungs from getting dry. - Breathing through our mouth during exercise decreases airway resistance. - The superior pharyngeal constrictor constricts the nasopharynxOpen ClosedVowel X (unless followed by nasal)Nasal XFricative X (airtight closure) - Velopharynx closes during the swallowing- The palatal levator, uvulus, and superior constrictors assist in velopharynx closureLecture 13 (April 1) What is the oral cavity bounded by? What is the front entry way to the oral cavity called? What articulators are located in the oral cavity? Which bones of the cranium are paired/single? What function do the cranium bones serve? What bone does the Facial Nerve travel through? Identify the four bones of the face? What do the three branches of the trigeminal nerve innervate? Explain trismus and its treatment. What are the movements of the TMJ and the symptoms thatthey aren’t moving correctly? What are the functions of the constrictors and the stylopharyngeus? Which muscles raise and lower the mandible? - The oral cavity is bounded by the lips anteriorly and the anterior faucial pillars posteriorly - The front entryway to the oral cavity is called the oral vestibuleBone Paired or SingleFrontal SingleParietal PairedTemporal PairedSphenoid SingleOccipital Single- The bones of the cranium house and protect the brain- The facial nerve runs through the temporal bone- The four bones of the face are the mandible, the Zygomatic, the Maxilla, and the Palatine- Trismus is also known as lock jaw and results in muscle of mastication spasms. It is treated by reducing the fracture or with antibiotics. - The TMJ connects the lower jaw to the temporal bone. It moves up/down, forward/backward, side to side. Results in pain when the TMJ is moving incorrectly. Muscle FunctionTrigeminal Nerve ophthalmic- sensory- forehead to eyesmaxillary- midfacemandibular- muscles of masticationSuperior Pharyngeal Constrictor Moves lateral walls inward and posterior forwardMiddle Pharyngeal Constrictor Pulls middle wall of posterior wall forwardInferior Pharyngeal Constrictor Pulls lower part of posterior wall forward and draws sidewalls inward Stylopharyngeus Pulls pharyngeal tube upward and lateral wall of the pharynx toward the side (widens the tube) Muscle Raises Mandible Lowers MandibleMasseter XTemporalis X (also side to side and retraction)Internal Pterygoid XExternal Pterygoid XDigastric XMylohyoid XGeniohyoid XLecture 14 (April 3) What does it mean that the tongue is a muscular hydrostat? What does the tongue do when you sleep? Know the divisions of the tongue. Know the location of the buccal and mucosal lining.Know the location and function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue. Know the location and function of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue. What are the five functional categories of the facial muscles and where do the major muscles discussed in class fit into those categories? - A muscular hydrostat changes shape without changing volume- The tongue forces saliva down your throat when you sleep.Mucosal Lining: Internal