SLHS 261Exam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 9 - 10Lecture 9 (February 27)Neural Control of Breathing: What nerve sends information from the brainstem to the diaphragm? What neurotransmitters are involved in the neural control of breathing? Which cranial nerves are involved with the larynx and upper airway? The phrenic nerve sends information from the brainstem to the diaphragm. Glutamate and GABA help regulate respiratory rhythm. Cranial nerves IX (Glossopharyngeal), Vagus (X), VII (hypoglossal) and XI (Accessory/ sternocleidomastoid) are involved with the larynx and upper airways. Laryngeal Anatomy: What is the primary and secondary function of the larynx? How many cartilages are there and what are their names? Which cartilages are paired and unpaired? What cartilages do the vocal folds attach to? What is a facet? What does articulation mean? What are the two main laryngeal joints and what are their movements? What do each of the joints connect to? Which joints allow for upward and outward or downward and inward movement of the vocal processes? What are the 5 intrinsic muscles and what are their functions? The primary function of the larynx is to protect the airways and the second function is as a sound source for speech. The 6 cartilages are the Thyroid cartilage, the cricoid cartilage, the arytenoid cartilage, the epiglottis, the corniculate, and the cuneiform. The paired cartilages are the arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages. The unpaired cartilages are the thyroid and cricoid cartilages. The vocal folds attach to the arytenoid cartilages. A facet is a small area on a structure where it contacts another structure. A articulation is a joint or joints communicate with each other. The two main joints are the cricothyroid (rotate and slide) and the cricoarytenoid (upward and outward/ downward and inward). The cricothyroid joint connects the thyroid to cricoid cartilage. The cricoarytenoid cartilage connects the cricoid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilage. The 5 intrinsic muscles are the thryoarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, interarytenoid, cricothryoid, and the posterior cricoartyenoid.Lecture 10 (March 4) Vocal folds: Where is the anterior commissure located? What do the vocal folds extend from and to? What isthe name of the false vocal folds and what do they do? What layers are a part of the body, andwhat layers are a part of the cover? What’s the difference between abducted and adducted? What is the glottis? What happens to the tension in the vocal folds when they lengthen and shorten and what happens to the frequency? Which muscle is primarily responsible for the lengthening of the vocal fold? Anterior CommissureThe vocal folds extend from the arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilages. The false vocal folds are known as the ventricular folds, and they can vibrate. The layers of the cover include the epithelium, the superficial layer of the lamina propria, and the intermediate layers of the lamina propria. The layers of the body include the deep layer lamina propria and the muscle. Abducted means apart and adducted means together. When the vocal folds lengthen the tension goes up and the frequency goes up. When the vocal folds shorten, the tension goes down and the frequency decreases. The cricothyroid muscle is responsible for lengthening the vocal folds. Larynx in Speech Production: What is the difference between transient utterance and sustained utterance? What is the perceptual correlate of fundamental frequency? What is a mucosal wave? What is the vocal foldvibration pattern? What is a man made instrument that replaces the vibration of vocal folds in people with injured larynxes? Be able to interpret graphs for glottal area. Does high intraglottal pressure cause the vocal folds to move outward or inward? What is the difference between convergent and divergent motion of the vocal folds? What is phonation threshold pressure?Transient Utterances (like a Glottal Stop) begins with fully adducted vocal folds. The air pressure increases and there is an abrupt release of adductory force followed by abrupt release of tracheal pressure. This generates rapid flow of air through the glottis and turbulence is generated. Sustained Utterances (like a glottal fricative and whispering) begins with the vocal folds slightly abducted. The respiratory air pressure drives flow through the glottis, which creates turbulence. The perceptual correlate of fundamental frequency is pitch. The mucosal wave is the second part of vocal fold motion. Rotation is where the vocal fold cover effectively rotates back and forth around a pivot point. The first mode of vibration is translation (vocal fold mass moves laterally and medially). Vocal fold opens from the bottom up. High intraglottal pressure causes outward motion. Low intraglottal pressure causes the vocal folds to move inward.Phonation Threshold Pressure is the minimum subglottal pressure at which the vocal folds cansustain a vibration. This is at about 2.3