Final Exam Study GuideNOTE: Be prepared to write in pen for the test, and a bluebook will be provided.Part I – Society and Culture: (75 points) Two of the following three questions will appear on the exam. Of those two you will choose one to answer thoroughly. Each of the questions will require some information from the books, in addition to the material from lecture (so prepare accordingly). You must write in essay form with an introduction, substantive body paragraphs and a conclusion. Be sure to answer all of the sub-questions.1. The counter-culture of the 1950’s developed in response to the “culture of conformity.” Explain the “culture of conformity” – both its characteristics and the motivations that caused its development. How did that culture reflect the preoccupation with the containment of communism? How and why did the counter-culture reject the “culture of conformity”?a. Introductionb. Culture of conformity, characteristics and motivationsi. Nowadays we define democracy as consumption (choice of products is limitless)ii. Technologies advanced and the economy boomed. This was the start of electrical appliances, and televisions, and a vision of American success is idealized. An idea called the “Military Industrial-Complex” implied that the way to success was to own and purchase thingsiii. Education used to be formally based on the ideas of John Dewey, who believed that education should be creative/ imaginative. However, it became more conformed as math and science became the main focus because it was believed to be the most crucial.iv. Man in the Gray Flannel Suits - everyone looks the same, no one stands out, standing out equals communism. The typical “organization man” (a worker who does his work for the good of the company he is involved with) will dress the part to fit the identity.v. Levittown - conformed suburban homesvi. A song by Malvina Renolds called “Little Boxes” talked about the conformity in society.vii. Fear of communismviii. Women go back to being housewivesix. Consumerismc. Reflectioni. Anything that seemed socialist or un-American would be considered communistii. McCarthismiii. HUACd. Rejection, “The Other ‘50s’”i. People believed that every person is entitled to what they want and be able to express what they want.ii. Beat poets like Jack Kerouac, Ginsberg, burrows1. Beaknik - cool 50’s youth culture that rejected the dominant culture. HIST 1378 1st Edition2. Allen Ginsburg’s poem, “Howl”, describes the idea that great minds are destroyed by madness (that creativity is being destroyed)iii. Use of marijuanaiv. Jazz music like Miles Davis and “Birth of the cool”, implying a way of life that was more experimental and open mindedv. Rock and roll and sex became popular. As Playboy magazine became established, the idea of sex became publically accepted.vi. Woody Guthrie sang for the counterculturee. Conclusion2. How did various groups in the 1960’s question authority? In what ways did those groups challenge the established ruling class? Identify specific movements or groups that emerged and what tactics they used to question authority. In what way did later generations use and interpret this 1960s counterculture through commodification, and how does this later depiction compare to the realities of the decade?a. Introductionb. Protesting and Movementsi. Protest against restrictive university rules that enforced a separation between the genders (young men/ women had to sign in/out when visiting others of the other gender, etc), the Vietnam War, and segregation in the Southii. Forming groups and movements.1. The SDS (Students for a Democratic Society) were formed. They met in Port Heron and wrote up a document that quoted, “We are the students who are born in moderate comfort, but looking uncomfortably at the world we are about to inherit…” They wanted a participatory democracy, in which at whatever level, the voices of the people would be heard. 2. Labor movements for Mexican American/ Filipino workers, Women’s Movement, and Brown Beret were created c. Specific Movement and Tacticsi. Labor movement for Mexican American/ Filipino farm workers was beginning of the Chicano movement. Cesar Chavez created the United Farm Workers (UFW group), which used boycotts and strikes (two-prong system). This led to younger Mexican-Americans wanting to be more active.ii. The Brown Berets were a movement that said that land was stolen from them. They began the movement to get land back. The leader, Tiharina was arrested.iii. Women’s movement was sparked when Betty Friedan wrote “The Feminine Mystique” to talk about women suffering silent discrimination. Many women were involved in civil rights and anti-war movements, and when they found themselves even being treated unfairly in these movements, they broke off to form their own groups. In 1968, a group of women went to the Miss America Pageant and protested (they got a trash can and threw symbols of oppression into it, badly portraying the women’s movement)iv. Homosexual movement were sparked by the Stonewall riots at the Stonewall Inn/Tavern, in which gays and lesbians fought back against the police.v. Civil Rights movement - Blacks fought in WWI, but still did not get rightsvi. In Camp Logan, a WWI training camp in Houston, riots broke out. It was the National Guard vs. black rioters over the arrest of a black policeman.d. “Commodifying the Counterculture”i. Now songs, events, feelings and sentiments of free love, peace, etc from the 1960s are just used as an idea to sell thingsii. A “depolitization” of history has occurred1. The rebellious attitude of the 60s has been forgotten iii. Fortunate Son1. Anti-war song2. Now used to sell Levi Jeanse. Conclusion3. Examine how the modern Civil Rights movement changed over time. How did Martin Luther King’s message change? Give specific examples of early and later goals/approaches. What new leadership emerged within the movement? How did their approach differ from that of Martin Luther King? How did popular opinion change towards the movement?a. Introductionb. Civil Rights movementi. “I Have a Dream”, a public speech by MLK in which he called for an end to racism. It defined the moment for the Civil Rights movement.c. Other movements1. Malcolm X was a civil rights activist who articulated concepts of race pride and black nationalism in the 1960s. He indicted white America in the