Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 9History 1378: The US Since 1877Chapters 1, 3, and 4NOTE: Be prepared to write in pen for the test, and a bluebook will be provided.Part I: Identification Terms (40 points)Six of the following terms will appear on the exam, of which you will need to address FOUR. Each will be worth 10 points, for a total of 40 points for the whole section. A good ID will be more than a sentence. It usually takes at least 4-5 sentences in order to respond to each ID, or about half a page. Be sure that you use relevant information from both the lectures and class textbooks. You will be tested on class material, so do not use Internet sources. Each ID should have two parts: a basic definition of the term including who, what, where, when, why, etc. and the significance of the term, or how it relates to a broader historical theme, event, etc. For example, if Sharecropping were a term, you would want to both define it and also explain the consequences of sharecropping, what it meant for ex-slaves, that it was part of the failure of social reconstruction, etc. Four Major Themes of Class: Capitalism/ Industrialism, Imperialism, Reconstruction, Social Reform/ Progressivism.Wounded Knee- Brief: 1890, Battle between US military troops and Lakota Sioux Indians at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota, resulted in deaths of perhaps 300 Sioux men, women, and children. Was last major battle of Indian wars of late 19th century.- Significance: Consequences of US expansion, marked end of armed Indian resistance in the WestFreedmen’s Bureau- Brief: government organization that sent government officials down South to give opportunities for slaves (education, loans, land). Less than 1% actually got benefits HIST 1378 1st EditionWorking Class- Brief: During Industrial Revolution, were the worst off, with problems dealing with child labor, harmful and unhealthy conditions in the workplace, and low pay for hard labor. Started many labor unions and groups hoping for change and reform.- Sources: Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) - a union of working people organizing in a number of countries around the world. Advocated working people gaining control of their own work lives through direct collective action.Dawes Act- Brief: Act to provide for the allotment of lands in severalty to Indians on the various reservations, and to extend the protection of the laws of the US and the territories over the Indianso To each head of the family, ¼, to each single person 18+, 1/8, to each orphan child under 18, 1/8, to each other single person under 18, 1/16Open Door- Brief: Proposed by Hay in which all nations would have equal trading and development rights throughout all of China. This would put imperialist powers equal to China (limiting advantages of havingones own sphere of influence). This would also keep European powers from dividing up Congo Basin and ChinaHaymarket- Brief: Haymarket Martyr Louis Ling Convicted of sedition in the Haymarket bombings, sentenced to death. Claimed that they had no proof that he was guilty. He helped make bombs, but claimed that the ones at the Haymarket were not his. Condemned not b/c of murder, but ANARCHY. Spoke out about injustice of police forceEmilio Aguinaldo- Brief: Filipino general and politician who fought first against Spain and later against US for independence of Philippines. Was first president of the Philippines.- Significance: Played instrumental role in fight against US and Spanish desires for imperialism.Progressivism- Brief: Era of reforms, starting change in industrial life, women’s suffrage, working class, black rights, andtemperance. Progressives were reformers who wished to use the powers inherent in government to change American society in ways that they considered positive.Espionage Act- Brief: Made it a crime for any person to convey info intended to interfere w/ the U.S. armed forces prosecution of the war effort or to promote the success of the country’s enemies. Aimed at socialists, anti-war activists, and pacifists during WWI. Allowed gov’t to spy, mail service refused to mail certain socialist and radical publications- Significance: Challenged for violating “free speech” in Constitution, true democracy?The Grange- Brief: Branch in Illinois, advocated programs to help agriculture, but failed to address overproduction. (Too many farmers, too much productive land). - Significance: Demonstrated that farmers were capable of organizing a political agenda.William Jennings Bryan - Brief: Supported bimetallism or “free slver”, criticized gold standard, advocated inflating the currency by the free coinage of silver (good for farmers in debt)o Gold standard - limited $ supply but eased trade w/ other nationso Bimetallism - making both gold and silver tender- Sources: “Cross of Gold” Speech in 1896: "…We shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them, you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold."The Great Uprising- Brief: 1877, series of industrial strikes throughout the US- Sources: Pres. Hayes spoke out against it, saying that strikers prevent men willing to work from doing so.Pullman - Sources: Testimonials for US Strike Commission claimed “hard labor, low wages” and while increasing wages the company made no reduction in rents for houses (tenements). Pullman Company denied claims, said if they treated their workers like union reps, they could force the company to pay any wage of which they saw fit and if the workers don’t like their job, they can find a job somewhere elsePure Food and Drug Act- Brief: 1906, regulated manufacture and sale of food and drugs in businesses- Significance: Effect of muckrakers’ desire to increase public awareness of food safety issuesMark Twain- Brief: the term, “Gilded Age” was coined by himW. E. B. DuBois- Brief: Argued for black equality and enfranchisement, created National Association for the Advancement of Colored People- Significance: Contributed to black rights during era of progressivismEugene Victor Debs- Brief: Socialist, wanted to replaced system of “market” capitalism w/ communitarian values, state ownership of key industries, and social safety net of basic services for everyone in society. Also urged WWI draft resistance in a speech that caused him to go to prison for 10 years- Significance: