Part I Identification Terms 30 points SIX of the following terms will appear on the exam of which you will need to address THREE Each will be worth 10 points for a total of 30 points for the whole section A good ID will be more than a sentence It usually takes at least 4 5 sentences in order to respond to each ID or about half a page Be sure that you use relevant information from both the lectures and class textbooks You will be tested on class material so do not use Internet sources Each ID should have two parts a basic definition of the term including who what where when why AND the significance of the term or how it relates to a broader historical theme and or event For example if Sharecropping were a term you would want to both define it and also explain the consequences of sharecropping what it meant for ex slaves that it was part of the failure of social reconstruction etc Freedmen s Bureau who federal govt agency what aided AA s during Reconstruction period when 1865 67 where in the South why to help assimilate AA back into a post slavery era significance Senator Stevens enforced voting rights for AAs in the south 1866 1867 US congress established the freedmens bureau that helped freedman freed slaves during the Reconstruction era of the United States after the US Civil War 1861 1865 Some 4 million slaves gained their freedom as a result of the Union victory in the war The gency distributed food to ex slaves give them some modest educational opportunities and created some limited means for ex slaves to own lands 40 acres and a mule Radicals believed that Land ownership would make black men independent only 30 000 40 000 slaves gained lands The program was only created to last one year but it lasted longer than one year because of the South not cooperating by continuing discrimination which made blacks live under poverty and violence Radical Republicans most notably Senators Thaddeus Stevens and Charles summer enacted the Military Reconstruction Act which set up a union military control of the South and enforced new state constitution which allows blacks to vote and ratified the 14th amendment grants citizenship and equal protection to all people born or naturalized in the US including recently freed slaves Thus it led to the extention of the Freedmen s Bureau Sharecropping who African Americans what contracted worker who would farm a piece of land and pay the owner in crops when where Rural South why south had no more indentured servants as blacks were given freedom significance showed how big of a failure reconstruction was bc AA living conditions worsened and they had no legit rights Only granted freedom and nothing else Still couldn t own land persecuted treated unfairly etc Sharecropping or the contract labor system was the dominant working condition for blacks until the great depression and took place after Presidents johnson s order of giving back the lands from ex slaves to their previous owners as well as the white southern landowners attempts to reestablish a labor force which eventually led 75 of ex slaves to work for the sharecropping system because they had to sign labor contract or they ll get evicted from the lands they had occupied The failure to address the southern land issue led to this sharecropping system in which the ex slaves used to make an agreement with the landowner for farming a piece of the land and then provide a share of the crops as a rent The ex slaves were in debts the entire time because from the start the landowner load the black famer money to buy the tools seed etc also the sharecropper had to owe the landowner a share of 50 or more of the production even before the sharecroppers start famring and if they don t meet the quota the ex slaved then get another loan which makes the slaves on constants debts to the planters resulting in forcing the black farmers to not leave was the dominant working condition for blacks until the great depression In it a slave would make an agreement always one sided often with his former master to take responsibility for farming a piece of the land on the larger plantation and provide a share of the crops to the planter as rent The landowner would loan the black farmer money for tools seeds and other equipment The loans were borrowed against the future value of the crops to be produced leaving the ex slave in debt from the start If they didn t meet their quota then ex slaves would have to get another loan from the planter Now their owner owned a lien requirement for future payment on the part of the crop that would have been kept by the sharecropper Hence why sharecroppers were constantly in debt It was a failure of social reconstruction because it was slavery all over again because the sharecropper wasn t allowed to leave the land until all debts were paid off In reality it was a new form of slavery with a fancy name Dawes Act The congress passed The Dawes Severalty Act in 1887 it was used to break up the Indian reservation system holding lands in common for the native American tribe rather than a private property Reservations were divided into smaller areas and Indians were willing to abandon their communal culture and adopt the habits of civilized life would be given 160 acres each The law also granted the government to sell reservation land to white settlers and continued to give Congress the right to give railroads and telegraph companies grants to Indian lands In 1887 Indians initially had 138 mil acres in 1930 they had less 50 million acres This Act is significant because it was a driving factor in the American agenda to explore and take over the West while driving Indians away at the same time The act s goal was to encourage Native Americans to integrate into American agrarian culture Under the Dawes Act the head of each Native American family received 160 acres in an effort to encourage Native Americans to take up farming live in smaller family units that were considered more American and renounce tribal loyalties The Dawes Severalty Act was finally abolished in 1934 during President Franklin Roosevelt s first term Wounded Knee Was the site of two conflicts between North American Indians and representatives of the U S and one of the last Indian wars of the 19th century The government took the lands of the Indians and started controlling their lives Making Indian kids go to boarding school to learn how to be white Throughout 1890 the U S government worried about the increasing influence at Pine