• Case study - an in depth investigation of one individual⁃ advantages:⁃ richness of data⁃ can generate lots of hypotheses⁃ disadvantage:⁃ no control of in case study⁃ possible observer bias⁃ ability to generalize from a single subject• Experimental study⁃ advantages:⁃ are able to control using variables⁃ able to make causal inferences• Psychoanalytic Tradition (Mcadams)⁃ Major assumptions⁃ Determinism:⁃ all behaviors are determined, mostly by internal impulses⁃ Conflict:⁃ we are characterized by conflicts: with the society, our instinctual psychological needs⁃ Realistic vs. neurotic⁃ internal conflicts (id vs. superego)⁃ conflicts with society⁃ The unconscious ⁃ The major determinants of our personality are unconscious processes • Tension Reduction Model• Physical need->⁃ Psych instinct->⁃ Behavior->⁃ Tension Decrease• Id - the driver of the personality• Freudian Psychosexual Development⁃ The Oral Stage - age 1⁃ Consistent satisfaction of needs by primary caretaker influences development⁃ Oral-passive type⁃ May become orally fixated⁃ Oral-sadistic type⁃ cynical, pessimistic, bitingly sarcastic⁃ May become orally aggressive⁃ The Anal Stage - age 2-3⁃ Must learn how to hold on and let go appropriately⁃ Learning self control and how to take control from other people (obeying parents' orders)⁃ Anal-retentive type⁃ extremely orderly, stingy, very compulsive (OCD)⁃ someone who holds on too much⁃ Anal-expulsive type⁃ expulsive, impulsive, disorganized, destructive⁃ someone who lets go too much⁃ The Phallic Stage - ages 3-5⁃ aware of gender differences, body parts⁃ masturbate often (hands in their pants)⁃ Fixation at this stage may cause: ⁃ vanity⁃ narcissism⁃ excessive pride⁃ either exaggerated masculinity or femininity⁃ a need for attention⁃ Internal fantasies:⁃ Oedipus complex ⁃ boy has a desire to kill his father⁃ wants his mother all to himself⁃ boy becomes obsessed with his mother sexually⁃ the by has castration anxiety (the dad's going to cut it off)⁃ develops a superego (conscience) as a result⁃ learns the limits of his power⁃ Electra complex⁃ little girl wants to have a penis⁃ comes to identify with mother and develops the same sort of superego in the end⁃ Latency Stage - ages 6-12⁃ able to focus their attention on other matters than just the family⁃ learns how to:⁃ get along with other people outside of the family⁃ take care of themselves⁃ read and write⁃ Genital Stage - above 12⁃ onset of puberty⁃ learn to love and work⁃ have appropriate sexual relationships, as opposed to the earlier