• Psychoanalytic Counseling:⁃ Goals-⁃ to increase awareness of unconscious motives⁃ to strengthen ego⁃ Techniques-⁃ Blank Screen behavior:⁃ therapist to maintain neutrality & objectivity⁃ do not say "good job"⁃ patient does not know how well he or she is doing⁃ avoids bias results⁃ Transference:⁃ transfer some of the unresolved conflicts in the past onto the therapist⁃ displacement of feelings onto the therapist⁃ Free association⁃ client speaks freely of anything that comes to mind, regardless how painful, sill or irrelevant it may seem⁃ no interruptions⁃ free flow thought process⁃ no intellectual censorship (client is not supposed to censor their thoughts)⁃ therapist can nod to show that they are actively listening⁃ maintain eye contact⁃ Interpretation of Freudian Slip⁃ mistakes or slips of tongue that are thought to reflect unconsciousness• Personality Traits⁃ Traits⁃ Internal dispositions⁃ Relatively stable across situations and over time⁃ Occurs over different settings (home, school, etc.)⁃ Conceptualized as a continuum⁃ Broad individual differences in social & emotional life⁃ Allport⁃ Nomothetic/Common traits⁃ shared by a lot of people⁃ level of the trait compared to the population ⁃ Idiographic/Individual traits - (within yourself)⁃ Cardinal Traits⁃ very unique⁃ only you have it⁃ rare⁃ Central Traits⁃ you have it but other people have it as well⁃ defining feature of yourself⁃ Secondary Traits⁃ not very distinct⁃ you have the trait but it doesn't define you⁃ can vary in different situations⁃ Measuring Traits⁃ Construct Validity⁃ Nomological network of relationships:⁃ Convergent validity: what the construct is⁃ Divergent validity: what the construct is NOT⁃ Reliability⁃ Test-retest: test stability over time⁃ Split-half: Internal consistency ⁃ whether the items in a questionnaire measure what they are supposed to measure⁃ Cattell⁃ Surface Traits⁃ observable⁃ Source Traits⁃ underlying⁃ have to search to bring it out⁃ 16 PF⁃ Eysenck⁃ Extroversion-Introversion⁃ Neuroticism-⁃ emotionally instability⁃ Psychoticism ⁃ 4 characterizing attributes⁃ emotional stability⁃ emotional instability⁃ extroversion⁃ introversion⁃ 4 personality types based on Eysenck's sub skills:⁃ Sanguine - emotionally stable and extroverted⁃ Choleric - extraverted and unstable⁃ Melancholic - introverted and unstable⁃ Phlegmatic - calm collected, introverted and emotionally stable⁃ Personality Disorders⁃ Extreme versions of otherwise normal personality variations⁃ Traits are inflexible and maladaptive⁃ Significant functional impairment and/or distress⁃ over-representation of a common trait to where it becomes unusual or detrimental⁃ Personality Disorders: Cluster A (odd and eccentric)⁃ Paranoid⁃ Distrust and suspiciousness such that others' motives are interpreted as malevolent⁃ Schizoid⁃ Detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression⁃ Do not want relationships⁃ introverted⁃ Does not like to interact with people⁃ Schizotypal⁃ Acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive orperceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior⁃ want relationships but can not form them⁃ strange beliefs⁃ drive away people who are close to them⁃ often have intense obsessions⁃ Personality Disorders: Cluster B - (dramatic, emotional or erratic) destructive⁃ Antisocial⁃ Disregard the rights of others⁃ tend to exhibit criminal behavior⁃ generally little or no sense of remorse⁃ ALWAYS destructive⁃ Borderline⁃ Instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity⁃ often engage in self-harm or excessive drinking⁃ sometimes not destructive⁃ Histrionic⁃ Excessive emotionality and attention seeking⁃ shows too many emotions⁃ desperate for approval⁃ Narcissistic⁃ Pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy⁃ think that they are better than other people⁃ Personality Disorders: Cluster C (anxious)⁃ Avoidant⁃ Social inhibition, feelings of inadequency, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation⁃ do not have close friends⁃ avoid social situations⁃ easily embarrassed⁃ high fear of rejection⁃ Similar to panic disorder except there does not needto be a direct stimulus⁃ want interpersonal relationships but have a hard time forming them⁃ Dependent⁃ Submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care of⁃ poor adaptive functioning skills⁃ need someone to take care of them⁃ Obsessive-compulsive⁃ Pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control⁃ most common out of all personality disorders⁃ long term more stable, applies to different