• Maslow's hierarchy of needs⁃ Self-actualization needs⁃ Esteem needs⁃ Belongingness and Love Needs⁃ Safety Needs⁃ Physiological Needs• Maslow's Need Hierarchy:⁃ Hierarchy distinguishes between lower deficiency needs and higher being needs⁃ We do not seek higher needs until lower demands have been reasonably satisfied⁃ Only unsatisfied needs motivate a person⁃ Most people follow the same order, but there are exceptions⁃ The relative importance of these needs change during psychological development• Characteristics of self-actualizing persons⁃ superior perception of reality⁃ increased acceptance of self, of others, and of nature⁃ increased spontaneity⁃ increased detachment and desire for privacy⁃ greater freshness of appreciation and richness of emotional reaction⁃ increased autonomy and resistance to conformity⁃ higher frequency of peak experiences⁃ increased identification with the human species⁃ improved interpersonal relationships⁃ more democratic character structure⁃ high levels of creativity • Existential Psychology⁃ 1. Importance of consciousness⁃ 2. No inherent meaning in life⁃ 3. We alone are responsible for ourselves⁃ Pawns - believe they have no control over their lives⁃ Origins - feel as if they have some control over their lives⁃ Key constructs:⁃ Personal causation⁃ Illusion of control - even when in situations in which control seems very unlikely, they still believe that they have some sense of control - (cope better, more likely to adjust well psychologically)⁃ 1. Search for meaning⁃ 2. Gaining sense of mastery⁃ 3. Self-enhancement⁃ Hardy Personality (Kobasa)⁃ 1. Commitment⁃ 2. Control⁃3. Challenge⁃ Research:⁃ Hardiness buffers the effects of stressful life events⁃ hardy persons - weak relation between stressors and physical and mental well-being⁃ unhandy persons - stronger relation between stressor and physical and mental