2/20/20141Psychoanalytic CounsellingPSYC 440Goals▪ To increase awareness of unconscious motives▪ To strengthen Ego2/20/20142Techniques▪ Blank screen behavior– Therapist to maintain neutrality & objectivity▪ Transference– Transfer some of the unresolved conflicts in the past onto the therapistTechniques▪ Free association– Client speaks freely of anything that comes to mind, regardless how painful, silly or irrelevant it may seem– No intellectual censorship▪ Interpretation of Freudian slip– Mistakes or slips of the tongue that are thought to reflect unconsciousness2/20/20143Personality TraitsPSYC 440Traits▪ Internal dispositions▪ Relatively stable across situations and over time▪ Conceptualized as a continuum▪ Broad individual differences in social & emotional life2/20/20144Allport▪ Nomothetic/Common traits▪ Idiographic/Individual traits– Cardinal Traits– Central Traits– Secondary TraitsMeasuring Traits2/20/20145Measuring Traits▪ Construct Validity– Nomological network of relationships– Convergent validity: What the construct is– Divergent validity: What the construct is NOT ▪ Reliability– Test-retest: Test stability over time– Split-half: Internal consistencyCattell▪ Surface traits▪ Source traits– 16 PF2/20/20146Eysenck▪ Extraversion-Introversion▪ Neuroticism▪ Psychoticismhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7mEh53rTc0Practical Applications2/20/20147Personality Disorders▪ Extreme versions of otherwise normal personality variations– Traits are inflexible and maladaptive– Significant functional impairment and/or distressPersonality Disorders: Cluster APD DSM-5 Harry PotterParanoid Distrust and suspiciousness such that others’ motives are interpreted as malevolentCornelius Fudge Schizoid Detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expressionSeverus Snape Schizotypal Acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behaviorLuna Lovegood2/20/20148Personality Disorders : Cluster BPD DSM-5 Harry PotterAntisocial Disregard for the rights of others Voldemort Borderline Instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivityMoaning Myrtle Histrionic Excessive emotionality and attention seeking Bellatrix LestrangeNarcissistic Pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathyGilderoy Lockhart Personality Disorders : Cluster CPD DSM-5 Harry PotterAvoidant Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluationRubeus HagridDependent Submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care ofPeter Pettigrew Obsessive-compulsivePattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and controlDolores Umbridge2/20/20149Big FiveBig Five: OpennessLow Scores High ScoresConventionalDown to EarthUncreativeNarrow InterestsSimpleIncuriousOriginalImaginativeCreativeBroad InterestsComplexCurious2/20/201410Big Five: ConscientiousnessLow Scores High ScoresNegligentCarelessUndependableDisorganizedWeak-willedQuittingConscientiousCarefulReliableWell-OrganizedSelf-DisciplinedPerseveringBig Five: ExtraversionLow Scores High ScoresRetiringSoberReservedAloofInhibitedQuietSociableFun-lovingAffectionateFriendlySpontaneousTalkativehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUaj7rj6MI82/20/201411Big Five: AgreeablenessLow Scores High ScoresIrritableRuthlessRudeVengefulCallousDisagreeableGood NaturedSoft HeartedCourteousForgivingSympatheticAgreeableBig Five: NeuroticismLow Scores High ScoresCalmAt EaseRelaxedSecureSelf-SatisfiedHardyWorryingNervousHigh StrungInsecureSelf-PityingVulnerable2/20/201412Person-Situation Controversy▪ Are traits good predictors of behaviors?– Fundamental attribution bias– Aggregation across situations & over time▪ InteractionismPerson-Situation