SQs Ten Theories Chapter 9—Marx(page numbers correspond to the 2013 edition of Twelve Theories of Human Nature)See the Objections to Marx (and Responses to those Objections)in the Marx section of the course website.1. Of what was Marx a critical theorist? From what did Marx inherit an ideal of human equality and freedom? What Enlightenment hope did he share? What was behind his historical, social and economic theorizing? (187)2. What was the dominant philosophical influence in Germany when Marx was a student? How did Hegel understand the “whole sweep of human history”? Did Hegel believe in progress? If so, of what sort? (188)3. What are we told about Hegel’s notion of alienation? (This is a simplified introduction to a rich subject.) How is alienation overcome, according to this account? (164) How did the Right and Left Hegelians differ? (188)4. How did Feuerbach explain religious ideas? What did Marx absorb from Feuerbach, while preserving some Hegelian themes? (189)5. Where did the key to human history lie, according to Marx and Engels? (189) Howdoes Marx understand alienation under the capitalist system? (189)6. What three influences are fused into an all-embracing theory by Marx? (190) What continuity exists between what some consider two phases of Marx’s thinking? (190-91)7. Does Marx portray himself as a social scientist? Is his thinking reductionist or strictly determinist? (Before answering this, what is reductionism? What is (strict) determinism?) (There are some hints about this on p. 191)8. “Synchronic” refers to the relationship between factors that exist at the same time.“Diachronic” refers to a sequence of events that unfold over time. What is the main claim of Marx’s theory in synchronic terms? (191) 9. What four stages does the diachronic aspect of Marx’s theory describe? (192) What are the major class divisions in these various stages? 10. How do the productive forces differ from the economic structure of society? (192-93) What would ultimately seem to drive history from one stage to another (perhaps without entirely necessitating it) in Marx’s view?11. What is the plausible thing to say about the causal significance of the economic base? What fruitful recommendation does this claim lead to? (194)12. How does Stevenson differentiate historical trends from laws of nature? Did Marx discover natural laws of history? (194-95)13. What did Marx predict from his general understanding of history? (195) (What Stevenson writes near the bottom of p. 195 seems to have been written before 2008. Why might recent events be significant for our understanding of the stability or instability of capitalism?)14. What is already looking out of date in Stevenson’s criticism of Marx on top p. 196?15. What might be suggested regarding sweatshops and capitalism? (196) (In fact, 20th century Marxists have raised these ideas. Moreover, in his role as a leader of the International Workingman’s Associated headquartered in London during the 1860’s Marx was an opponent of the slave-owning Confederacy and a supporter of the Union side against it.)THEORY OF HUMAN NATURE16. What metaphysical materialist view does Stevenson mention? Is Marx this sort of materialist? What sort of a materialist is he? (196)17. What is distinctive of Marx’s concept of humanity? (196) How can we summarizethis crucial point? (196-97)18. What “universal generalization” does Marx offer about human nature? (Would Marx be more consistent if this “generalization” were treated as a claim about what it would take to fulfill human nature rather than an empirical generalization based on observation?) (197)19. What point does Stevenson make about gender roles and the means of reproduction? (Is he offering this as a “friendly amendment” to Marx?)(197-98)DIAGNOSIS20. Marx held that alienation has been sharpened under capitalism (though other forms existed in earlier class societies). What are various forms that alienation takes under capitalism (and that Marx mentions)? (198-99)Stevenson’s remarks about exploitation fail to recognize that Marx uses this term in a technical sense to refer to the fact that there is a large difference, called surplus value, between the value of what the worker produces and the value of his wages.This surplus value is the source of the capitalists’ profits and wealth. As far as capitalist justice is concerned, exploitation is all right, as long as the arrangement between worker and boss is mutually voluntary. Part of Marx’s point is that this voluntariness is more apparent than real as far as the workers are concerned.21. What formulation of the moral imperative is found in Kant? (200) How does this relate to Adam Smith’s and Marx’s concerns about the condition of labor under capitalism? (200) Is this at all relevant to the present day? (200-201) 22. Does alienation today affect only manual workers? Explain. (201) How does Stevenson paraphrase (reword) Jesus’ comment on the Sabbath? How is this relevant? (201)PRESCRIPTION23. What is the solution to the social problems of capitalism, according to Marx? (201) Stevenson says Marx claims that the new society is inevitable, but then qualifies this. 24. What did Marx probably mean in his comments about the coming revolution? (201, last paragraph)25. Did Marx think capitalism was worth saving, perhaps after significant reforms? What two attitudes about reforms were found in Marxist groups? (202)26. Has capitalism been modified since Marx’s day? (202) The critical comments here by Stevenson seem to have been written a few decades ago, when trade unions were much stronger in the U.S. and Europe.27. How is Marx’s view similar to Christianity? (201, 202)28. What did Marx likely mean when he said that overcoming alienation would require “the alteration of men on a mass scale”? (202) 29. Would there be a state (special group with powers of coercion) in the (rather distant) future communist society? What would be the guiding principle of that society? (202-203) (In fact, it is found in the New Testament Book of Acts.)Perhaps Stevenson confuses statements about the future that are intended to promote a social change with predictions of a social change in which human choice has little part. 30. With what parts of Marx’s vision does S. think we can agree? What aspect of it “must surely be judged unrealistic”? (203) Does S. present any argument against the possibility of a society in which no