Communication 101 Text Study Guide Exam 3 NOTE Everything presented in lecture after the second exam may be on the third exam The following material from the custom text may also be on the third exam To prepare effectively for this exam study your lecture notes from after the second exam and the items on this study guide What is Communication and Technology P A 23 A 24 1 Know the three primary areas being studied in the context of health and communication technology 1 Use of communication technologies to search for health details 2 Communicate with one s doctor 3 Acquire social support as one copes with illness 2 Know in what time frame research in this general topic area began Late 1970 s Early 1980 s What are Media Effects pp A 24 A 27 1 Know the definition of mass communication Process in which professional communicators use media to disseminate messages widely rapidly and continuously to around intended meanings in large and diverse audiences in attempts to influence them in a variety of ways Idea that audience is influenced or changed in some manner that is the core of what we often refer to as media effects 2 Know the difference between the two types of media effects studied by researchers Intended Deliberate attempts to influence the recipient in some way Ex Commercial advertising political campaigns Unintended Influence was not intended ex Coverage post natural disasters What is Small Group Communication pp A 29 A 31 1 Know the definition of small group communication The process by which three or more members of a group exchange verbal and nonverbal messages in an attempt to influence one another Study of messages produced during decision making interactions 2 Know the two types of influence relevant to small group communication Normative Occurs when a member changes his or her mind to be consistent with what the other members prefer Communicative The quality of arguments and evidence that supports them persuades members to adopt a course of action over other possibilities 3 Know the two types of communication relevant to small group communication 1 Promotive consists of messages that assist a group in identifying relevant characteristics of a problem and for developing solutions 2 Disruptive Hinders effective group problem solving and decision making by focusing groups on irrelevant issues that hinder information sharing creates conflict advances hidden agendas and allows fallacious argument to go unchallenged What is Intergroup Communication pp A 31 A 33 1 Know the definition of intergroup communication The study of how communication between people from different social groups is different from what occurs when people communicate within their social groups 2 Know the types of groups that are relevant to intergroup communication and the three things these groups have in common Groups Age Race Ethnicity Religious Gender Sexuality Nationality Three things the groups have in common Relatively Large Important to some members they contrast one another What is Environmental Communication pp A 33 A 35 1 Know the definition of environmental communication Environmental communication refers to the study and practice of how individuals institutions societies and cultures craft distribute receive understand and use messages about the environment and human interactions with the environment 2 Know the different disciplines interested in environmental communication Communication environmental studies psychology risk analysis political science sociology journalism interpersonal communication etc Human Communication Chapter 10 Intercultural Communication pp 283 317 1 Know the three approaches to studying culture 1 Social Science approach Most traditional and is built on methods and assumptions derived from psychology and sociology Here communication is seen as influenced by culture and the primary interest is in describing and comparing cultures 2 Interpretive Derives its methods from anthropology and linguistics It emphasizes the subjective experience of the individual Its research emphasis is qualitative rather than quantitative 3 Critical Primary concerned with creating change by examining power relationships within cultures It stresses the important of social political economic and historical contexts 2 Know the difference between individualism and collectivism Individualism The tendency of people in a given culture to value individual identity over group identity individual rights over group rights and individual achievements over group concerns Collectivism The tendency to people in a given culture to value group identity over the individual identity group obligations over individual rights and in group oriented concerns over individual wants and desires 3 Know the difference between high and low context cultures High Text More skilled in reading nonverbal behaviors and they assume that other people will also be able to Speak less listen more Low Text Stress direct and explicit communication Emphasize verbal messages and the shared information they encode 4 Know the dimensions of masculinity and femininity Masculinity Value work strength competition and assertiveness Femininity Value on affection compassion nurturing interpersonal relations and fluidity 5 Know the three master norms Respect Idea that all life is sacred and we need to have basic human dignity and that we all deserve respect Truth Idea is that living with others is not possible unless trusting each other is possible Nonviolence Compassion and willingness to forgive doesn t believe in harming the innocent 6 Know ethnocentrism and stereotyping Ethnocentrism The tendency to judge the values customs behaviors or other aspects of another culture in terms of those that our own cultural group regards as desirable or ideal Stereotyping We tend to impose stereotypes on groups of people which limits our communication with those groups Stereotyping guides defensive projection seeing our own undesirable qualities in other people 7 Know cultural homogenization The tendency for cultures in contact with one another to become increasingly similar to one another One will dominate and eliminate some aspects of the other Human Communication Chapter 12 Small Group Communication pp 343 377 1 Know social comparison theory All human beings have a need to evaluate their own opinions and abilities and that when they cannot do so by objective nonsocial means they compare them with those of other people 2 Know the risky shift phenomenon