HBM 235 Edition 1nd Final Exam Study Guide Lectures 1 6 10 18 17 19 21 23 Lecture 1 January 15 The Five Destination Mix Elements 1 Attractions 2 Facilities 3 Transportation 4 Hospitality Resources 5 Infrastructure Attractions central aspect of tourism pull people in natural or man made Primary attractions one that is attractive enough to be the primary motivation for tourism visits Secondary attractions an interesting or necessary place to visit on the way to a primary destination Tourist market segment Group of individuals who share the same characteristics wants interest etc A primary attraction for one market segment may be a secondary attraction for another Ownership Titles Public government sector own mostly national parks Private sector theme parks Nonprofit zoos museums cathedrals Drawing Power Intrinsic characteristics belongs to something by its nature Natural resources Climate Culture History Ethnicity Accessibility Cultural Commdification when local culture is turned into an attraction for tourists Negatives loss of authenticity and loss of meaning commercialize Positives Cultural pride empowerment cultural learning Lecture 2 January 17 Facilities serve visitors while they are away from home supporting industries services Hotels bars and restaurants tour guide services shopping and visitor centers Infrastructure the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society Physical water systems communication networks Healthcare facilities power sources streets and highways security systems Organizational Basic institutions like government agencies banks courts etc Transportation facilities access to attractions tourism considerations in transportation planning highways functional and interesting with views and overlooks Hospitality Resources feelings of welcome by providers and public Emotional intelligence identify assess manage and control one s emotions Emotional Labor effort required to manage feeling in accordance with organization guidelines Display rules when where and how one should express emotions Surface acting faking feelings Deep acting changing inner feelings Lecture 3 January 22 Objectives travel decisions Push factors whether to go internal to individual psychological needs and desires ex escape reconnect novelty relax adventure Pull factors Where to go external to individual characteristics of destination ex climate location sandy beaches Pull factors can satisfy push factors Travelers have real wants and needs they want satisfied Motivation occurs when a persona wants to satisfy a need Homeostasis a state of psychological stability disrupted when people are aware of their need deficiency Objective perception that a specific travel destination or service will satisfy the need Lecture 4 January 24 Two components of Culture are internal and external The internal aspects of culture make up most of the cultural iceberg and the bottom part of the iceberg is the visible or external aspects of culture External clothing music body art language Internal Values attitudes experiences and beliefs Hofstede s Dimensions of Culture Individualism vs Collectivism Individualism interests of the individual are paramount ex United States Collectivism collective rather than individual action or identity ex South America Masculinity vs Femininity Masculinity men in more assertive and dominant roles visible achievement making money showing off ex Japan Femininity women in more dominant role relationships over money quality of life environmental presentation ex Denmark Large vs Small Power Distance Power distance is the extent to which a society accepts hierarchical differences workplace situations High power distance between the boss and the workers ex Malaysia Low Power workers or students are able to speak with boss or teacher ex United States Strong vs Weak Uncertainty Avoidance Uncertainty avoidance is the extent to which members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations i e the future Low UA doesn t feel quite so threatened or anxious about the uncertainty in life and try to limit and control it as much as possible ex High UA Feel especially anxious about the uncertainty in life and try to limit and control it as much as possible ex Japan Stanley Plog and his continuum Venturers and Dependables Psychgraphic personality values attitudes interests or lifestyles Venturers like to learn about new cultures intellectually curious travels often spends a lot when traveling live with risk experiment with new products look to their own judgments prefer unusual underdeveloped destinations Dependables are less venturesome and less exploring cautious and conservative They prefer popular well known brands of consumer products and often and often look to authority figures for guidance and direction in their lives They like structure and routine Lecture 5 January 27 Components of Information Search the motivated activation of knowledge stored in memory or acquisition of information from the environment implies internal and external search behaviors Internal retrieving information from memory External retrieving information from variety of other sources commercial environment social environment online discussion boards Purpose of search is to reduce risk Consumer generated content Review websites mixture of fact or opinion impression and sentiment founded and unfounded tidbits experiences and even rumor ex Tripadvisor com Image the set of meanings by which an object is known and through which people describe remember and relate to it Organic Image formed by news reports magazine articles etc uncontrollable Induced Image advertisements and other paid marketing controllable Destination Image Characteristics Functional directly measureable ex Price average temperature crime rate number of dive boat operations etc Psychological more abstract and cannot measure directly ex Serene tropical beautiful exotic close to nature How we perceive destinations is how we make travel decisions in ways consistent with our perceived self image Real self who we are deep down Ideal self who we want to be Apparent self how we are seen by others Reference group self how we believe we are seen by others Ideal Social self how we want to be seen by others People strive for self congruity to find a match between destination image and selfconcept Lecture 6 January 29 Perception Image and Satisfaction Expectations vs Actual experience performance