HBM 235 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 6Lecture 1 (January 15)The Five Destination Mix Elements:1. Attractions2. Facilities 3. Transportation 4. Hospitality Resources5. Infrastructure Attractions: central aspect of tourism; “pull” people in; natural or man-made-Primary attractions: one that is attractive enough to be the primary motivation for tourism visits-Secondary attractions: an interesting or necessary place to visit on the way to a primary destination Tourist market segment- Group of individuals who share the same characteristics, wants, interest, etc. *A primary attraction for one market segment may be a secondary attraction for anotherOwnership Titles:Public/government sector: own mostly national parksPrivate sector: theme parksNonprofit: zoos, museums, cathedralsDrawing Power: Intrinsic characteristics- belongs to something by its natureNatural resourcesClimateCultureHistoryEthnicityAccessibility *Cultural Commdification: when local culture is turned into an attraction for touristsNegatives: loss of authenticity and loss of meaning (commercialize)Positives: Cultural pride, empowerment, cultural learningLecture 2 (January 17)Facilities: serve visitors while they are away from home; supporting industries/servicesHotels, bars and restaurants, tour guide services, shopping and visitor centersInfrastructure: the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a societyPhysical: water systems, communication networks, Healthcare facilities, power sources, streets and highways, security systemsOrganizational: Basic institutions like government agencies, banks, courts, etc. Transportation: facilities access to attractions; tourism considerations in transportation planning (highways functional and interesting with views and overlooks)Hospitality Resources: feelings of welcome by providers and publicEmotional intelligence: identify, assess, manage, and control one’s emotionsEmotional Labor- effort required to manage feeling in accordance with organization guidelines Display rules: when, where, and how one should express emotions-Surface acting: faking feelings-Deep acting: changing inner feelingsLecture 3 (January 22)Objectives: travel decisionsPush factors: whether to go, internal to individual, psychological needs and desires(ex. escape, reconnect, novelty, relax, adventure)Pull factors: Where to go, external to individual, characteristics of destination (ex. climate, location, sandy beaches)*Pull factors can satisfy push factors. Travelers have real wants and needs they want satisfiedMotivation occurs when a persona wants to satisfy a needHomeostasis- a state of psychological stability; disrupted when people are aware of their need deficiencyObjective: perception that a specific travel destination or service will satisfy the needLecture 4 (January 24)Two components of Culture are internal and external. The internal aspects of culture make up most of the “cultural iceberg,” and the bottom part of the “iceberg” is the visible or external aspects of culture. External: clothing, music, body art, languageInternal: Values, attitudes, experiences, and beliefsHofstede’s Dimensions of CultureIndividualism vs. CollectivismIndividualism: interests of the individual are paramount (ex: United States)Collectivism: collective rather than individual action or identity (ex: South America)Masculinity vs. FemininityMasculinity: men in more assertive and dominant roles; visible achievement; making money; showing off (ex. Japan)Femininity: women in more dominant role; relationships over money; qualityof life; environmental presentation (ex. Denmark)Large vs. Small Power Distance-Power distance is the extent to which a society accepts hierarchical differences (workplace situations)High power: distance between the boss and the workers (ex. Malaysia)Low Power: workers or students are able to speak with boss or teacher (ex. United States)Strong vs. Weak Uncertainty Avoidance-Uncertainty avoidance is the extent to which members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations (i.e., the future)Low UA: doesn’t feel quite so threatened or anxious about the uncertainty in life and try to limit and control it as much as possible (ex. Japan)High UA: Feel especially anxious about the uncertainty in life and try to limit and control it as much as possible (ex. Japan)Stanley Plog and his continuum: Venturers and Dependables-Psychgraphic: personality, values, attitudes, interests, or lifestylesVenturers like to learn about new cultures, intellectually curious, travels often, spends a lot when traveling, live with risk, experiment with new products, look to their own judgments, prefer unusual, underdeveloped destinations Dependables are less venturesome and less exploring, cautious and conservative. They prefer popular, well-known brands of consumer products and often and often look to authority figures for guidance and direction in their lives. They like structure and routineLecture 5 (January 27)Components of Information Search: the motivated activation of knowledge stored in memory or acquisition of information from the environment; implies internal and external search behaviorsInternal: retrieving information from memoryExternal: retrieving information from variety of other sources; commercial environment; social environment; online discussion boards -Purpose of search is to reduce risk Consumer generated content: Review websites; “mixture of fact or opinion, impression and sentiment, founded and unfounded tidbits experiences and even rumor.” (ex. Tripadvisor.com)Image: the set of meanings by which an object is known and through which people, describe, remember, and relate to itOrganic Image: formed by news reports, magazine articles, etc. (uncontrollable)Induced Image: advertisements and other paid marketing (controllable)Destination Image CharacteristicsFunctional- directly measureable; ex. Price, average temperature, crime rate, number of dive boat operations, etc. Psychological-more abstract and cannot measure directly; ex. Serene, tropical, beautiful, exotic, close to natureHow we perceive destinations is how we make travel decisions in ways consistent withour perceived self-imageReal self- who we are deep downIdeal self- who we want to beApparent self- how we are seen by othersReference group self- how we believe we are seen by othersIdeal Social self- how we want to be seen by othersPeople strive for