MUH2051 Exam 3 Study Guide Ireland You should prepare a short paragraph answer for each of the questions and items listed below Be able to give as much information as possible for the listening tracks e g name the instrument the tune form the meter etc Where was Irish traditional music performed historically Presently What are the differences between these different performance contexts o Irish traditional music historically 1 Sean nos old way songs sung in Gaelic 2 Slow instrumental melodies called airs performed in free rhythm 3 Songs sung in English 4 Musical tradition of Irish harp 5 Performed in ceilis and fleadhs Irish festival competition Instrumental tunes and melodies o Irish traditional music presently performed pub sessions Discuss the Irish Diaspora When was it Why did it occur What happened as a result of the diaspora o Irish Diaspora millions of Irish people left Ireland for other lands during this period largely due to the Potato Famine in 1840s Many settled in American cities such as Boston and New York making major contributions to the transformation of Irish culture and tradition including music o When 1845 49 was the Potato famine many emigrated after 1840 o Why Potato famine and failure of British rulers to help with the food shortage o Result What are the coffin ships To what event are they related ships that millions of people from Ireland fled on to start a new life o Coffin ships in North America Many Irish people died travelling on these ships because they were in extremely poor conditions Crowded Disease ridden Poor access to food and water o Related to the Potato Famine and Irish Diaspora Instruments and audio tracks to know o Concertina Accordian Free reed aerophone Melodic instrument Bellows driven o Flute Constructed of wood Different than western classical flute because made of wood and the Irish flute s timbre is lower pitched more mellow than the shrill western flute sound o Uillean Uillean elbow Pipes 3 7 Mellow timbre Chordes and drone Bellows driven Regulators keys produces chords harmonies played against tune Aerophone Result of English rule some people say Uillean pipes were a result of the tension between Irish and English OR to mimic Scottish bagpipes o Bodhran Frame drum Cipin History of the instrument is uncertain o Fiddle Most important instrument to Irish Traditional Music Regional playing styles o Harp o Emblem of Irish music and identity Predominant instrument in between 1200 and 1600 AD Employed by nobility harpers poets reciters After 1600 harpers become travelers Tradition declines severely in late 1800s because Potato Famine Revived in the middle of the 20th century o Sean nos 3 4 VOCAL MUSIC The old way of singing Irish songs sung in Irish Gaelic Mouth Music VOCAL MUSIC Vocables represent substitutes for another instrument https www youtube com watch v MyA1zKBUhxM Ballads VOCAL MUSIC 3 4 doesn t sing in major minor scales like Western music sings in church mode No instruments allows the vocalist to be more free with the rhythm o Hornpipe 3 6 o o Reel 3 7 In Irish dance a reel is any dance danced to music in reel time In Irish stepdance the reel is danced in soft shoes and is one of the first dances taught to students https www youtube com watch v XMWjN3o5gok Tunes and the meters associated with them e g Slow Air is a free rhythm tune while a Hornpipe is in a duple meter o Tunes are differentiated by meter or lack thereof and rhythms Slow Air https www youtube com watch v dotzGF 9 Sc Reels 3 7 Hornpipes 3 6 Free Rhythm Duple Meter Triple Meter Jigs Slip Jig Slides Tune form structure AABB AA BB o AABB Most common tune form Interpretation and variation to tunes and tune forms EX AA BB variation to the standard AABB form What is a tune set o A small grouping of tunes that are played successively Know some of the collectors who were discussed in class and why they were important 1 Edward Bunting General Collection of Ancient Irish Music 1796 2 Frances O Neill The Music of Ireland 1903 3 Seamus Ennis The Irish Folklore Commission and Radio Eireann audio recordings They re all important because they helped keep the oral tradition alive even though it changes a lot over time Know the 6 elements of the modern Irish ensemble sound 1 Performances by ensembles not soloists 2 Use of non Irish chordal instruments to accompany tune melodies the Bouzouki 3 Varying percussion instruments drum set conga drums 4 Transformation of traditional tune rhythms such as jigs and reels by combining these with jazz rock funk and other musical styles 5 Varying musical textures 6 Music to be listened to rather than music to dance to What is a ballad o Ballads originally dance songs are poems or songs that narrate a story in short stanzas They are passed orally from one generation to the next as part of the folk culture Be able to name several prominent Irish music groups from the 1960s 1970s and present day o Irish music revival occurred in the 1960s The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem Sean O Riada The Chieftans most recent and most prominent to preform Irish traditional music has collaborations with Mick Jagger Ziggy Marley Alison Krauss etc o Second wave of Irish Traditional Music in the 1970s Planxty 3 9 Clannad The Bothy Band De Danaan Horslips https www youtube com watch v llMNWkgzqtk Egypt and the Middle East You should prepare a short paragraph answer for each of the questions and items listed below Be able to give as much information as possible for the listening tracks e g name the instrument the context in which you will hear the music or recitation etc Any sound clips that are used may come from the textbook CDs or videos that were shown in class Know the basic facts and names of important figures in Islam that were discussed in class o Muhammad Prophet of Allah who received the Quran from God Muhammad was illiterate o What is a Muezzin and what is the purpose of this individual The Muezzin sits upon the Minaret at the Mosque and recites the call to prayer o What is Adhan and how often is it heard Adhan is the call to prayer 2 6 5 times per day Be able to recognize Adhan text Allah u Akbar Allah u Akbar Allah is most great Ashhadu an leil aha illa llah I testify that there is no god but Allah Ashhadu anna Muhammadan rasul Allah I testify that Muhammad is the prophet of God Hayya ala l salat Come to prayer Hayya ala l falah Come to salvation Al Salat khayr min al nawn Prayer is better than sleep Allah u akbar Allah is most great La ilah a illa
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