CHAPTER 10 STUDY GUIDE- AFRICAStudy ItemsTimeline: (192)o Progressive colonization and foreign domination of sub-Saharan Africa; collapse of traditional African nations- 15th-20th centurieso Slave trade, African diaspora – 17th-19th centurieso National independence movements emerge- post- 1945o Ghana becomes independent- 1957o Mali becomes independent- 1960o Dahomey (Benin) becomes independent-1960o Apartheid ends, Nelson Mandela elected president of South Africa- 1994Vocab: 1. Akan people (191, 193)- A large ethnic group of the West Africa concentrated principally in the modern nation of Ghana.2. Drum speech (193) – linguistic use of certain types of West African drums (e.g., atumpan) in certain contexts (e.g. reciting proverbs), which is made possible b y the use of tonal languages3. Tonal language (193) –Languages in which the meaning of words is determined not just by the actual sounds of their syllables, but also by the specific patterns of pitch, rhythm, and timbral inflection with which they are articulated. Many West African languages (such as the Akan language Twi) are tonal; so too are other languages, including Mandarin Chinese. 4. atumpan (193)- A set of two large drums used by the Akan for drum speech and also in other contexts (such as in Fontomfrom music) 5. The path and the river (193) – literal parts of the Akan world. They are also metaphors with multiple levels of meaning. Just as the path must meet the river, the Akan must cut their own paths towards communion with the sources of theircreation: divine, ancestral, familial, and natural.6. polyvocality (194)- comprising “many voices”; in the chapter, relates to the conversational dimension of much West African music, wherein many voices- vocal and/or instrumental- may speak and be heard all at once expressing a unified diversity of views and perspectives7. kora (194)- 21 string Mande spike harp chordophone; jeli instrument. Sidiki, toumani, and Mamadou Diabate represent one of the greatest lineages of kora players8. Mande peoples (194)- Major ethnic group of western Africa, concentrated in areas of Mali, Senegal, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, and Gambia. Principal subgroups are the Maninka (Mali, Guinea) and Mandinka (Senegal, Gambia). 9. jeliya (194)- The artistic culture of the Jeli, including its praise songs andinstrumental music traditions. 10. griot (194)- Generic term (from French) covering a diverse a diverse range of African hereditary praise song/music traditions, including that of the Mande Jeli.11. Isicathamiya / Ladysmith Black Mambazo (195) – south African a cappella vocal genre; largely identified with the iconic group Ladysmith Black Mambazo12. size / population of African (196)- covers more than 11 million square miles and accountes for more than 20 percent of the earth’s land surface. About 1/6 of the world’s population resides in Africa itself.13. African diaspora (196) – the dispersal of millions of people from Africa (the majority from West Africa) to other parts of the world, especially the Americas (the United States, Brazil, the Caribbean, etc.); largely a result of the Euro-American slave trade, at least initially. Today, the African Diaspora is global in scope and its worldwide musical impact cannot be overestimated.14. sub-Saharan Africa (196)- the majority portion of the African continent is locatedsouth of the sahara and is know as the sub- Saharan Africa15. West Africa, enslaved people (196) – Most africans that were brought as slaves to America were from west Africa.16. dawuro (198) – type of iron bell17. Fontomfrom (198) – Akan royal drum ensemble featuring several drums (from, atumpan, eguankoba) and the dawuro iron bell18. matrilineal (198)- tracing your decenant lines from the side of your mother19. Musical Africanisms (202)a. complex polyphonic textures (202) (2:3 polyrhythm)b. layered ostinatos with varied repetition (202) c. conversational element (203) (call and response)d. improvisation (203)e. timbral variety (203) (burred timbre) (percussive aesthetic)f. distinctive pitch systems and scales (203) 20. kora (204-5): 21 stringed spike harp chordophone… Sidiki, Tounani, and Mamadou Diabate represent one of the great lineages and kora players.21. Mande people, empire (205): Major ethnic group of Western Africa, concentrated in areas of Mali, Senegal, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau and Gambia. Principal subgroups are the Maninka (Mali, Guinea) and Mandiinka (Senegal, Gambia)22. jeli / jelilu (206): A Mande griot… Most of the leading jelilu are descended from ahereditary jeli family (Kouyate, DIabate, Sissoko). Those who are instrumtalists play specific jeli instruments such as kora, bala, and koni.23. hereditary jell families (206) : Kouyate, Diabate, Sissoko can trace their lineage back across many generations, in some cases all the way to the original Mande court musicians patronized by King Sunjata himself24. praise songs (206): which were formerly sung to honor royalty exclusively but are now often performed in honor of modern politicians or other patronswealthy enough to retain a jeli’s services.25. bala / balafon (206) : one of the principal designated jeli instruments… it is a xylophone constructed of between 17 and 21 hard wooden slates (keys) of different lengths that are suspended over a wooden frame in ascending pitch order.26. koni (207) : a plucked chordophone akin to the banjo, it is basically the modern banjo’s direct African ancestor, 27. Salif Keita (207): Malian-born singer and world beat superstar…his music blends traditional jeliya stylistic features, a cutting edge contemporary popular sound and strong doses of social and political commentary. He is he reason as to why there was so much international attention to Malian traditional music.28. Sackou Keita (208): jeli and kora virtuoso…. Known for his kora playing. He was raised with a Sissoko family of jelily which aspired him to pursue his musical passions toward the career path of jeli while bringing relatively little disgrace to the Keita side of his Pedigree.29. kumbengo (209) :The accompaniment style of instrumental perdormance used on instruments like the Kora, Bala, and Koni in Mande jeliya music.30. birimintingo (210): The improvisational, soloistic style of instrumental performance used on instruments like the jora, bala and koni in Mande jeliya music. 31. sataro (210) : Improvisatory, speechlike style of singing in jeliya vocal art. Kassemady Diavate is a master of
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