Indonesia Study Guide (chapter 7)Count to 5 in Bahasa: 1 = satu2 = dua3 = tiga4 = empat 5 = limaBahasa greetings:- Selemat pagi… good morning- Selemat siang… good midday- Selemat sore… good late afternoon- Selemat malam… good evening Know the five Adzan:- Subuh… before sunrise- Zuhur… at noon- Ashar… 3 pm- Maghrib… sunset (around 6 pm)- Isya… 7 pm Balinese Traditional clothing English counterpartudeng men’s headwearbatik men’s shirtkebaya women’s shirtsarung wrap worn by men and womensaput used by men, worn over the sarungselendang waist sash worn by womenTimeline: 13th Century -1906: Hinduism and Buddhism brought to Bali from Java1906-1908: Bali colonized by the Dutch; gamelan gong kebyar musical style emerges1933: German film Insel der Dämonen (Island of Demons), featuring kecak performance 1945: Republic of Indonesia declared 1986: New contest musical style, kreasi beleganjur, emergesStudy Items 1. Indonesia- nation composed of 17,000+ islands in Southeast Asia; 6,000 inhabited2. Bali- population: 3 million; home to a very large tourist industry3. gamelan- means ensemble; mainly found in Bali and Java.a. Thought of as one whole instrument, not separate parts.4. Java- 120 million people; the main religion is Islam.5. Jakarta- capital of Indonesia, located in Java, and one of the world’s most densely populated metropolises. 1a. Population of 14 million6. Surakarta- major city in central Java; hosts two small gamelan courts7. Yogyakarta- major city in central Java.a. Home to Central Javanese court gamelan8. Dutch colonialism- Bali was colonized in 1906, but gained its independence in 1945a. Full sovereignty was not gained until 1949.9. Bahasa Indonesia- national language of Indonesiaa. More than 300 other languages used10. National slogan- “Unity in Diversity.”11. Indonesia and Islam- the world’s largest Islamic nation; 90% of Indonesians are Muslima. Practiced in many different forms that mix with Hinduism and Buddhism.12. Hinduism- Bali is the only Indonesian province in which Hinduism is the majority religion. Balinese Hinduism is unique.a. Believe in three worlds: Upper world (deities), Middle world (Bali), and Lower world(evil spirits)b. known as Agama Tirta (Religion of Holy Water)- Blends Hinduism with Buddhism. 13. Mahabharata- one of the great, Hindu epics14. Odalan (in class)- one Balinese year on their calendara. On this day, women bring offerings of food in baskets on their heads to give to the gods.15. Balinese calendar (in class)- has 5 and 7 day cycles; both line up after 35 days (1 cycle)a. Mainly used for going to temple.16. Majapahit- the Hindu- Javanese culture that brought Hinduism to Bali centuries ago17. Bali Aga- “Original Balinese”; the indigenous people of Bali that live in remote villages and predate the arrival of Hinduism and Buddhism.18. Triloka- Hindu-Balanese conception of the universe; the three worlds19. Ganesh (in class)- Hindu god, son of Shiva and Parvatia. Depicted as a man with an elephant head and four arms20. bhutas and leyaks- evil spirits and creatures from the Lower World21. characteristics of both Balinese and Javanese gamelan music:a. instruments (bronze gongs, metallophones, drums, etc.)b. a basis in cyclic musical formsc. related tuning systems, scales, and modes.d. Multipart textures (higher-pitched instruments play faster than lower-pitched)e. Melodic organization: the core, slow-moving melody is embellished by faster-moving melodies.f. Associations with various forms of dance, dance-drama, and other artsg. A common historical foundation in Hindu religious cultures22. Central Javanese court gamelan- the gamelan tradition associated with the royal courts of Javaa. One of the best known types of gamelan23. gong cycle– the recurring sequences of strokes on different gongs; serves as the musical foundation.24. ketawang gong cycle- cycle with 16 beats and ends on the loudest, lowest note.225. rebab- a bowed chordophone with two strings26. kendang- drums that lead the ensemble (differ between Balinese and Javanese)27. saron- metallophone instruments28. Balinese gamelan gong kebyar- best- known type of gamelan; features the gangsa, gongs, drums, cymbals, etc.29. name of FSU gamelan (in class)- "Sekaa Gong Hanuman Agung" 30. reyong- a set of small kettle-gongs played by 4 musicians.31. gangsa- high pitched metallophones32. paired tuning- the male and female gangsas are tuned so that the female notes are slightly lower than its male counterparts.33. ombak- the blending of pitches from the male and female ganga that create a wave-like shimmering sound.34. gamelan beleganjur- the Balinese “gamelan of walking warriors”a. play key role in ritual activities enacted to combat the forces of evil.b. The crowdedness of the music and the singing of the people along the streets helps push the evil spirits away from the deceased souls.c. Its role is vital at the crossroads, where the soul is most vulnerable to evil spirits. The tower during the ceremony is spun several times in hopes that the soul will flee the tower and reach the Upper World.d. During precolonial times, warfare was highly glorified because it was an honor to fight for one’s king. So, the gamelan accompanied Balinese armies to war in order to inspire the warriors to be brave.35. gamelan beleganjur guided listening experience- listening to the gamelan perform during a Balinese cremation procession. a. Began with a crowd singing sacred verses. Then, the lead drummer (male drum) dued the ensemble to join. Gong cycle repeats continuously with interlocking drumsand cymbals. Throughout the song, the cymbals come in and out, creating momentsof intensity.36. gilak- 8 beat gong cycle37. gong ageng- two large gongs38. kilitan telu- pattern of rhythmic interlocking; a symbol of communal interdependence.a. the Balinese give high priority to working together collectively in pursuit of their communal goals.b. Each of the three rhythms interlocked need the other two in order to sound whole and complete.39. kecak- a Balinese dance-drama with music provided by a gamelan comprised exclusively of voices.a. The vocalists act as the army of monkeys when performing the story of Ramayanab. The vocalists use the syllable, cak, as the kilitan telu.40. gamelan suara- voice gamelan (a massive vocal ensemble)41. Ramayana- the great Hindu epic, in which a beautiful princess is kidnapped by the evil king,but is saved by her beloved prince and his army of monkeys.42.
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