India Study Guide chapter 8 Timeline 116 117 1500 BCE Key elements of Hinduism worship of many deities caste system Vedas date from this period 5th Century CE Buddhism and Jainism originate in India 13th Century Islamic influence begins to exert a strong influence on Hindustani culture in north of India 16th Century Sikh religion Sikhism is founded 1858 India officially becomes part of the British empire 1947 India achieves national independence from Britain 16th Century Karnatak and Hindustani music recognized as fully distinct but historically related traditions 1562 1607 Life of Tansen legendary Hindustani musician 19th Century Life of Tyagaraja Karnatak composer 1957 Ravi Shankar releases Sounds of India 1961 John Coltrane records India album Impressions 1965 George Harrison plays a sitar on Norwegian Wood album Rubber Soul 1967 Ravi Shankar performs at the Monterey Pop Festival 1976 John McClaughlin releases Shakti with John McLaughlin featuring Joy 2008 A R Rahman wins two Oscars for Slumdog Millionaire Names in the blue box on page 120 1 Ravi Shankar born into an upper class Hindu family Brahmin caste Joined his brother s music and dance group as a teen touring in Europe a b Studied music under the guru Baba becoming a young master in the art of raga c Member of the famous school Maihar Gharana founded by Baba d Collaborated with Western musicians to mix Indian and Western music 2 Yehudi Menuhin English classical violinist who befriended Shankar 3 George Harrison formally studied the sitar with Ravi Shankar a Incorporated raga like features in many songs such as Within You Without You to create a favored exotic sound 4 John Coltrane jazz saxophonist who recorded India an Indian inspired style of jazz music with extended passages of improvisation over drone based harmonies a Jazz and Indian classical music share emphases on virtuosity and improvised solos 5 John McLaughlin British jazz guitarist who began in the Miles Davis band and later formed the Mahavishnu Orchestra a jazz rock fusion band a Also took lessons with Ravi Shankar and converted to Hinduism 6 Shakti John McLaughlin s band that took the Indian jazz fusion to a new level all the members were Indian classical musicians 7 L Shankar violinist in Shakti nephew of Ravi Shankar 8 Zakir Hussain tabla player in Shakti son of Alla Rakha Shankar s partner 1 9 A R Rahman most renowned and influential Indian musician on an international scale since Ravi Shankar a One of the top selling musical artists of all time b Known for keeping what is essentially Indian music in his music while also pushing the core of Indian music to the outer reaches of global inclusiveness c Known for his work in Slumdog Millionaire 10 Shreya Ghoshal considered the queen of Bollywood playback vocalists Study Items 1 Norwegian Wood song on the Beatles 1965 album Rubber Soul that featured George Harrison playing a sitar solo adding exotic color 2 sitar explosion the sudden increase in Indian music popularity among Western genres with the help of the famous Ravi Shankar 3 Love You To by George Harrison on Beatles album Revolver 1966 4 Within You Without You G Harrison Sergeant Pepper s Lonely Hearts Club Band 5 West Meets East Ravi Shankar collaborates with Yehudi Menuhin tops the classical music charts 6 barhat the note by note expansion of the melodic range of a raga during performance 7 gharana 126 the musical families that have preserved cultivated and developed the different schools of traditional rage performance in India 8 Himalayan Mountains mountain range north of India 9 Punjab region northern region of India near Pakistan 10 languages dialects 200 languages 1 600 dialects Hindi and English are the national languages Atharva Veda 11 Hindu religion worship of many deities use of caste system for society 12 Vedas 4 ancient Hindu scriptures in Sanskrit Rig Veda Sama Veda Yajur Veda and a Believed to be divine rather than human origin b Presently expressed through melodic recitation c Shankar thought Indian classical music evolved from Vedic chant through centuries of musical transformation 13 bhajan the existence of direct historical links between Indian classical music and a body of Hindu devotional songs 14 Buddhism Jainism originated in India 15 Islam introduced from peoples in central Asia extremely different from Hinduism 16 Sikhism religion that incorporates elements of both Hinduism and Islam 17 Sufism a mystical form of Islam a Shares the belief with the Hindus that music serves as a pathway to communion with the divine b Helped facilitate musical religious and cultural syncretism 18 Qawwali music from Punjab region became a major world phenomenon a The lead singer is joined by an ensemble of vocalists and instrumentalists b Appealing by its powerful and emotional singing combined with the compelling rhythms of the drumming and unison handclapping 2 19 British Colonialism became the dominant colonial empire and made India a part of its empire in 1858 a English arrived in search of spices and set up posts to establish exclusive commercial arrangements 20 Indian film song most dominant popular music in modern India 21 bhangra major component of contemporary music heard in Bollywood films a features lively Punjobi folk songs and dances accompanied by powerful rhythms played on a dhol 22 dhol a large barrel shaped drum 23 Karnatak traditional classical music from southern India 24 Hindustani traditional classical music from northern India a Better known of the two because of Ravi Shankar s fame and immigration patterns b Highly impacted by Islamic cultures from the north 25 similarities between the two traditions built off of raga and tala both parallel vocals with 26 raga highly complex and elaborate melodic rhythms 27 vadi the tonic or fundamental pitch of a raga 28 tala systems of rhythm and meter 29 sangita translated as music but often encompasses music related arts such as dance and instrumentals drama 30 Nada Brahma the Sound of God the divine source of all sound and music 31 three musical layers a single line melody a drone rhythmic accompaniment 32 Karnatak instruments a Vina a plucked chordophone the solo melodic instrument b Tambura plucked chordophone the principal drone providing instrument c Mrdangam a double headed drum the rhythmic accompaniment 33 adi tala a metric cycle tala of 8 beats 34 guru mentor 35 five principal castes a highly structured caste system now illegal a Brahmin priest b Kshatriya warrior c Vaishya
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