MUH2051 Exam 2 Study Guide Musical Instrument Identification o D n D n One drum with WIDE RANGE of tones Used for languages with multiple tones Yoruba language NORTHWEST AFRICA o Atumpan HIGH LOW tone drums Used for languages with two tones Twi language NORTHWEST AFRICAN MUSIC o Bata other Double headed drum shaped like an hourglass one cone larger than the Used for religious purposes for the native culture of Yoruba Cuba Latin and worshippers of Santeria o Clave Instrument used to play rhythmic patterns Son 3 2 Son 2 3 o Cu ca A Brazilian friction drum often used in Samba music o Berimbau Brazilian instrument used during Capoeira 3 different sizes of Berimbau low middle high o Kora lute harp or bridge harp Classified as a lute harp lute because of its basic construction body neck and harp due to the plane of strings that run perpendicular to the face of the resonator Praise songs were played on this instrument by jeli o Balafon Praise songs were played on this instrument o Koni Praise songs were played on this instrument Material concepts musical traditions events people you should be familiar with Treat the items listed below as topics for short answer questions You should be able to define the term identify the person discuss the event and provide at least one paragraph worth of details that explain the topic Remember you must be specific in your answers on the exam o Africanisms of music in Africa Africanisms musical identifiable musicultural characteristics that are widely shared across sub Saharan Africa and are prominent in music of the African diaspora as well COMPLEX POLYPHONIC TEXTURES o Instruments and voices LAYERED OSTINATO CONVERSATIONAL ELEMENT o Call response Dance IMPROVISATION TIMBRAL VARIETY DISTINCTIVE PITCH SYSTEMS AND SCALES o Capoeira Brazilian martial arts turned into dance Call and response Basic Rhythm o 1 3 4 o Percussion instruments Berimbau o Roots in Angola and Congo o Martial arts turned dance Dance G Jinga o Carlos Santana Mexican born rock guitarist San Francisco 1960s Re did Tito Puente s OYE COMO VA in 1970 o Tito Puente o New Yorkian percussionist and bandleader o Machito and bandleader o Original OYE COMO VA 1963 Version of Cha Cha Cha and big band mambo instrumentation o Carnaval Precedes Lent Mardi Gras Fat Tuesday Pancake Tuesday Shrove Tuesday Liminal period Samba schools parade o Competition of African Brazilian dance o European countries that colonized areas in Africa South America and Latin America that were discussed in class AFRICA BFP British French and Portuguese colonized o Maninka Mali and Guinea o Mandinka Senegal and Gambia o Cultural differences between highland and lowland communities Highland groups not in contact with outside cultures NO CULTURAL INTERACTIONS very isolated traditional culture practices remain assimilation and fusion these people are modernized in contact with outside cultures cultural interactions Lowland groups o Drum speak Drum speech linguistic use of certain types of West African drums ex atumpan in certain contexts ex reciting proverbs which is made possible by the use of tonal languages o Enrique Jorrin Cha Cha Cha creator o Rhythm developed from the danzon syncopation of the 4th beat Orchuesta America band leader o Extra musical elements that determine song styles in Sub Saharan Africa 1 Linguistics 2 History 3 Ecology 4 Lifestyle of races o Features of Big Band Mambo New York City o Example Sudanese the syntax determines the song style and for Bantu the semantics determine the song style The Mambo Kings o Machito Tito Rodrigues Tito Puente o Afro Cuban rhythms and instrumentation American jazz popular music of 50 s FEATURES o Big Band Instrumentation Trumpets trombones saxophones piano bass multiple percussionists PERCUSSION BRASS o Musical textures featuring layered ostinatos continually repeated musical phrase rhythm throughout the band o Driving Afro Cuban percussion rhythms o Jazz influences Harmonies riffs rhythms arrangements improvised solo sections o Fast tempos and energetic playing o Absence or limited use of singing o Mbube choirs o Compete in Mbube competitions Sing Isicathamiya music o Ingoma Dance that accompanies Isicathamiya music EX Mbube competitions Ladysmith Black Mambazo see above picture o P rez Prado Cuban bandleader Mambo 5 1949 https www youtube com watch v HJlAb4VLs4k o Lou Bega redid this song in 1999 https www youtube com watch v EK LN3XEcnw o Polyrhythms Multiple layers POLY of RHYTHM occurring simultaneously o Timeline patterns see The Ensemble Thematic Cycle 2 against 3 Filling the space o The Ensemble Thematic Cycle Simple individual patterns but complex combined as a whole ETC Density referent relationships not meter o Praise mode and communication mode in African drumming PRAISE MODE close proximity communication Communal gatherings Voice heard first then the instrument follows INSTRUMENTS ADD HONOR RESPECT TO THE WORDS PERSON BEING PRAISED adds cultural value 2 ways of recognition 1 Dance 2 Money a Thrown at band b Placed on musicians foreheads implies ownership c Placed on instrument COMMUNICATION MODE long distance communication Music used to communicate Sender message receiver interpretation message Message is communicated interpreted and sends a new message o Santeria Afro Cuban religion based on traditional West African religious practices of the Yoruba people syncretized with Catholicism o Roman Catholic religious figures equivalent to African deities Spirit possession Horses Function of music o Certain drum patterns associated with particular deities o Bata drums see image below o o Syncretism hybridization creolization Syncretism Hybridization traditions of belief and practice resulting in hybrid forms process in which Creole cultures emerge in the new world mingling different philosophies religions or Creolization o As a result of colonization there was a mixture between people of indigenous African and European descent o Example of creolization Latin Dance o The Berlin Conference 1884 5 European powers divide up Africa Three main objectives TERRITORY Three big draws o Bring CIVILIZATION END SLAVE TRADE TAME o ECONOMICS IDEOLOGICAL CONFLICTS Christianity Islam and indigenous beliefs APARTHEID o The symbolism of drums DRUMS AUTHORITY Drums are symbols of authority o Fontomfrom only for paramount chief Also used for communication tonal languages o Tonal languages The meaning of a word is determined not just by the actual sounds of its syllables but also by
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