Indonesia Study Guide (chapter 7)Count to 5 in Bahasa: 1 = satu2 = dua3 = tiga4 = empat 5 = limaBahasa greetings:Selemat pagi = good morningSelemat siang = good middaySelemat sore = good late afternoonSelemat malam = good evening Know the five Adzan:Subuh = before sunriseZuhur = at noonAshar = 3 pmMaghrib = sunset (around 6 pm)Isya = 7 pm Balinese traditional clothing:udeng = men’s headwearbatik = men’s shirtkebaya = women’s shirtsarung = wrap worn by men and womensaput = used by men, worn over the sarungselendang = waist sash worn by women Timeline (page 86): 1*13th Century-1906, Pre-colonial era: Hinduism and Buddhism brought to Bali from Java*1906-1908: Bali colonized by the Dutch; gamelan gong kebyar musical style emerges*1933: German film Insel der Dämonen (Island of Demons), featuring kecak performance *1945: Republic of Indonesia declared *1986: New contest musical style, kreasi beleganjur, emergesStudy Items Indonesia (88): spans from Sumatra in the west to Papua in the east; close to 6,000 of Indonesia’s islands are inhabited; became independent nation in 1945; world’s largest Islamic nation, both geographically and in population; Bali (88): one of more than 17,000 islands in the Southeast Asian nation of Indonesia; very small but densely populated with more than 3 million people living there; home to very large tourist industry gamelan (88): means “ensemble” or “orchestra”; used in reference to a diverse class of mainly percussion-dominated music ensembles found on Bali, Java, and several other Indonesian islands; usually consist of a large number of individual instruments played by multiple performers, each gamelan is conceived of in its entirety as a single music instrument; Java (89): Bali’s neighboring island to the west; more than 120 million people (over half of Indonesia’s entire population) live hereJakarta (89): capital of Indonesia; country’s largest city with a population of 14 million people; one of world’s most densely populated metropolises; located in northwestern portion of JavaSurakarta (89)/Yogyakarta (89): other major Japanese cities, both located in the province of Central Java; they are home to the great musical traditions of Central Javanese court gamelanDutch colonialism (89): before Indonesia became an independent nation, most of its lands, including Bali, were formerly Dutch colonies or Dutch-occupied territories; Bali didn’t come under Dutch colonial rule until 1906-1908, much later than Java and other islandsBahasa Indonesia (89): national language; a derivative of Malay, though more than 300 other languages are spoken by members of the country’s 300-plus ethnic groups, each of which has its own distinctive culture2national slogan (89): Indonesia’s national slogan “Unity in Diversity” was instituted to provide a framework for the preservation, development, and nationalization of the country’s diverse cultures and cultural traditionsIndonesia and Islam (89): almost 90 percent of Indonesians are Muslims, although the religion is practiced in many varied forms that often represent syncretism’s with earlier Hindu, Buddhist, and indigenous belief systemsBali and Hinduism (89): Bali is the only province of Indonesia in which Hinduism is the majority religion; Bali is the only world society outside of the Indian subcontinent in which the majority of the population is Hindu; Balinese Hinduism is a unique religion andis a syncretic faith blending elements of Hinduism and Buddhism with earlier layers of indigenous Balinese spiritual belief and practice; Gamelan music is central to the practices and is performed at all ceremoniesRamayana (89, 98)/Mahabharata (89): great mythic Hindu epicsAgama Tirta (89): Religion of Holy Water; what Balinese Hinduism is also known asOdalan (in class): (Temple's Birthday); Hindus in Bali celebrate the birthday of their local temple every 210 days. Odalans commemorate the anniversary of a temple's consecration. Because the Balinese Pawukon calendar is 210 days long, this happens roughly every seven months according to the Gregorian calendar. Most often, odalans last about three days, though the festivities can go on for a week or more.Before an odalan, people are busy preparing food and other offerings and decorating the temple. An odalan consists of worship services, presentations of such offerings as food, money, and flowers in the temple, and special anointings. After religious services, there are huge feasts, music and dancing, and puppet plays.Balinese calendar (in class): The Balinese observe (besides theGregorian calendar) two completely different and not synchronized calendars:- theBalinese pawukon calendar, a numeric calendar of 210 days per year- theBalinese saka calendar, a lunisolar calendar starting everyNyepi (aBalinese"Day of Silence" that is commemorated everyIsakawarsa(Sakanew year) according to the Balinese calendar (in 2014, it falls on March 31)Majapahit (89): a Hindu-Javanese culture that brought Hinduism to Bali many centuriesago; influenced most of the major forms of Balinese gamelan and related arts (dances, dance-dramas, shadow puppetry)Bali Aga (90): “Original Balinese”; in certain Balinese villages such as Tenganan and Trunyan, people follow indigenous religious faiths that have not absorbed the Hindu or Buddhist layers of influence that largely define Agama TirtaTriloka (90): in the Hindu-Balinese conception of the universe there are three worlds (Triloka); the Upper World is the domain of the gods and venerated ancestors, who 3reside in the heavens above Mount Agung, the volcano that gave birth to Bali (where the “Three Shapes” of the supreme Hindu deity dwell); the Middle World or Balinese cosmology is Bali itself; the Lower World, beginning where land meets sea, is the realm of evil spirits and malevolent creaturesGanesh (in class): is a widely worshippeddeityin theHindu pantheon. His image is found throughoutIndiaand Nepal; Although he is known by many attributes, Ganesha'selephanthead makes him easy to identify.Ganesha is widely revered as theremover of obstacles,the patron of arts and sciences and thedevaof intellect and wisdom.As the god of beginnings, he is honored at the start of rituals and ceremonies. Ganesha is also invoked as patron of letters and learning during writing sessionsbhutas and leyaks (90): evil spirits and malevolent creatures that live in the Lower World;
View Full Document
Unlocking...