CHAPTER 4 continued What is an agonist What is an antagonist What different ways can they act ex directly at receptor increase decrease What are drugs NT synthesis degradation Know which drugs belong to different classes opiates depressants stimulants psychedelics Know which neurotransmitter receptor system the following drugs act on and what they do agonist antagonist etc Alcohol cocaine meth psychedelics LSD ecstasy opiates heroin morphine What is tolerance Withdrawal Addiction CHAPTER 5 Retrotransposons SNPs What are the three layers of the zygote Which layer becomes the nervous system What is the neural tube What does the tissue form What does the hollow tube become What is spina bifida and how does it relate to the neural tube Know the main steps in neural development and their order proliferation migration differentiation circuit formation apoptosis and synaptic pruning refinement Know the difference between embryonic stem cell neural stem cell neural progenitor cell Where are new neural cells born in the developing brain How does migration occur What type of cells do neurons migrate along to reach their final destination in the brain In which two directions does the neural tube differentiate How do axons grow to their targets What two types of cues tell them which direction to go chemoattractant chemorepellant What is the growth cone Fillipodia When does growth cone collapse occur What is synaptogenesis refinement What is neural plasticity What is apoptosis Synaptic pruning Why does it occur during development remember overproduction then What is a critical period What is a good example of a critical period for development What does nature vs nurture refer to Why is PKU a good example of a gene by environment interaction What is epigenetics What are two main types of epigenetic modifications to the genome For each type methylation histone modification do they lead to increased or decreased gene expression What types of experience cause epigenetic changes to occur in brain CHAPTER 6 What is the optic chasm and optic tract What is the retina Where is it located What s its job What is the direction light and info processing go from when light enters the eye to when visual information is transmitted to the brain What is the optic disc What is the blind spot What is the fovea part of retina apart by light Which cells in retina are output thalamus What is the optic chiasm Optic tract What are two main types of photoreceptors Which are more concentrated in the fovea and which in peripheral vision Which photoreceptors are important for dim light vision and which for bright light Color Black and white How is light transduced into electrical energy in photoreceptors just know that retinal and opsin are physically broken What is convergence Does it occur more in rod or cone fed circuits What does this mean for visual acuity Where are the two visual fields hemifields On which side of the retina are they represented processed Which side of Where in the brain do axons coming from the retina project to 3 main brain regions Know which region gets the most retinal input SCN superior colliculus or thalamus For SCN and superior colliculus know their main functions What is the LGN How is it organized layers for different colored cones and input from different eyes Where does the LGN get most of its input from retina or cortex Why is this important Know the two types of cells in primary visual cortex simple complex and what visual info they are important for processing object shape and movement What kind of visual info is processed in blobs Know what the dorsal and ventral visual streams and what they are important for processing either where or what how What is the fusiform face area important for Where is it located dorsal or ventral stream CHAPTER 7 activated the brain musicians What are mechanoreceptors Where are they located What kinds of information do they detect How are they What 2 properties of mechanoreceptors are important for fine touch perception What is two point discrimination Why does it vary across body parts both the mechanoreceptors and brain are responsible Which body parts have fine touch perception Sensory axons Know the big differences between Abeta Adelta C fibers Know the pathway of non painful touch information from the mechanoreceptor to brain Which brain regions are in the circuit Where does the somatosensory nerve tract cross over to the contralateral side of What are dermatomes What is shingles and how is it related to dermatomes What are primary and secondary sensory cortexes What are their main jobs What is phantom limb How might it occur think reorganization and plasticity in cortex How can experience alter somatosensory processing in brain again think reorganization and plasticity in cortex and How many types of temperature receptors do we have What happens to the response of thermoreceptors when temperatures are at the extremes Which receptors take over then What are nociceptors Know the pathway from pain receptor to brain Which brain regions are in the circuit Where does the pain nerve trat cross over to the contralateral side of the brain How and where are the touch and pain circuits different and kept separate from each other What is the role of the anterior cingulate cortex in pain What is referred pain from viscera to skin Why does it happen based on anatomy of circuit What two neurotransmitters are released in spinal cord from nociceptors after painful stimuli How is pain measured think emotion What brain regions are in the descending pain circuit What psychological events trigger descending pain modulation What does the periaqueductal gray PAG do What neurotransmitter in the PAG decreases pain responses What is the role of the raphae nuclei and serotonin release in the spinal cord in pain Pain relief where do opiate drugs act to decrease pain Anti inflammatories Local anesthetic What is the placebo affect What is the role of expectation in the placebo effect Where in the brain does a placebo cause activation How does acupuncture relieve pain CHAPTER 8 What is the neuromuscular junction What neurotransmitter is used there What is a motor unit Do the number of motor units used for a movement change depending on how much force is required What two sensors in muscles gather and send info about muscle stretch and force to the spinal cord What is the difference between a monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex Can reflexes change throughout life What are the