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Chapter 4: Drugs1. What are drugs?Any substance that alters function of the brain or bodyAny substance that alters function of the synapse in the body (PNS) or brain (CNS)2. What is an agonist? Antagonist? What different ways can they act (example, directly at receptor,increase/decrease neurotransmitter synthesis, degradation, etc)Agonist: mimics or enhances the effect of a neurotransmitter. This increases synthesis, promotes release, blocks reuptake (degradation), blocks presynaptic autoreceptors, and activates postsynaptic receptors.Antagonist: blocks or decreases the effect of a neurotransmitter. These reduce synthesis, prevents storage, blocks release, activates presynaptic autoreceptors, and block post synaptic rectptors.3. Drug Actions at the Synapse Affect:Neurotransmitter Production: Manipulating the synthesis of a neurotransmitter will affect the amount available for release.Neurotransmitter Storage: Interfering with the storage of a neurotransmitters in vesicles within a neuronNeurotransmitter Release: drugs can modify the release of a neurotransmitter in response to the arrival of an AP4. Know which drugs belong to different classes: Opiates: Heroine, Morphine, Cocaine Depressants: Alcohol Stimulants: Meth & Cocaine Psychadelics5. Psychoactive Drugs: any drug with psychological effect, passes through blood brain barrier to directly affect the brain.6. Know which neurotransmitter/receptor system the following drugs act on and what they do (for example: act as agonist/antagonist, decrease neurotransmitter reuptake, etc): Alcohol: depressant, both agonist and antagonist GABAA receptor agonist – gives anti-anxiety, sedative effects, and impairs motor  Dopamine receptor agonist – euphoric qualities NMDA receptor antagonist – memory problems BAC = Blood Alcohol content. Influenced by #/type of drinks, weight, gender, and genetic background Cocaine: opiate that produces euphoria, decreased appetite, increased alertness, and relieves fatigue. It is an agonist, inhibits dopamine reuptake. It is a stimulant that effects the mesolimbic system and reward pathway – VTA* releases dopamine onto the NA. It blocks dopamine reuptake into VTA presynaptic neurons so more dopamine is available at the NA postsynaptic receptors. Extracted from coca plant, can be snorted, inhaled or injected Methamphetamine: synthetic drug that can be snorted inhaled, or injected to produce effects similar to cocaine. It is a stimulant that effects the mesolimbic system and reward pathway – VTA releases dopamine onto the NA. *VTA = Ventral Tegmental Area*NA = Nucleus AccumbensMeth gets taken into cells just like dopamine. When too much dopamine in terminal, transporter works backward (chemical gradient) and lots more dopamine is available in synapse. Psychedelics: these cause perceptual and cognitive distortions, are psychedelics. Serotonin receptor agonists: Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), Psilocybin (Mushrooms) & MDMA (Ecstasy) Ecstasy: heightened perceptions, stimulation, elevated mood, reduced appetite. Increasesserotonin release and blocks reuptake so more serotonin is available to bind postsynaptic receptors, meaning less serotonin is available for release and autoreceptor activation decreases synthesis and release even further. After ecstasy has worn off, the user experiences depression-like feelings and irritability. PCP is a glutamate receptor antagonist  Opiates: synthesized from sap of opium poppy. Drugs include morphine, codeine, & heroine. Endorphin receptor agonists and leads to increased dopamine release Marijuana: THC. It is an agonist at receptors for endogenous cannabinoids. Cannabinoid receptors are located in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. This drug leads to increaseddopamine release.7. Tolerance: lessened effects as a result of repeated administration8. Withdrawal: occurs when substance use is discontinued; opposite of the effects caused by the discontinued drug.9. Addiction: is the compulsive need to use the drug repeatedly10. Drugs that reduce CNS activity: sedatives (calming), anxiolytic (anxiety reducing), & hypnotic (sleep-inducing)11. Drugs that increase CNS activity will increase the HR, respiration, BP, arousal, alertness, and elevate moodChapter 5: Genetics, Development, Experience12. How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have? 23 Matched pairs, each parent contributes one chromosome13. Genes: sequences of nucleotides that code for specific amino acids that, when strung together, make a protein. Humans have an estimated 23k protein coding genes Phenotype: observable traits Transcription: DNA partially unwinds and a strand of complementary RNA is made Translation: RNA instructs ribosomes to produce amino acids14. RNA: Ribonucleic Acid, is a nucleic acid present in all living cells. It acts as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic info.15. Alleles: an alternative version of a gene that may be dominant or recessive Traits controlled by genes on the X chromosome occur more frequently in one sex than the other. If dominant, it occurs more frequently in females (2 Xs), if recessive, occurs more frequently in males (only 1 X).  Dominant: those that mask other gene effects; routinely expressed Brown Eyes Recessive: genes that are expressed only in absence of a dominant gene; routinely not expressed Blue Eyes16. Junk DNA: Stretches of DNA around and between genes that seemed to do nothing, but now researchers think that they contain a large number of tiny genetic switches, controlling how genes function and are expressed in the cell.17. Is most of the genome coding DNA (genes) or non-coding DNA?18. Main sources of genetic diversity? Meiosis: chromosomes in the eggs or sperm can be “shuffled” in over 8 million combinations (223 = 8,388,608 combos) One of the 23 pairs of chromosomes found in body cells  The chromosomes replicate themselves  The cell divides w/one pair of chromosomes in each daughter cell  these cells divide a second time into sperm or egg cells, containing only 1 chromosome rather than a pair. Crossing Over: equivalent segments of DNA are exchanged; unique gene combinations At the beginning of meiosis, paired chromosomes line up with each other  each chromosome replicates itself  the chromosomes cross over  the chromosomes


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OSU PSYCH 3313 - Chapter 4: Drugs

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