Chapter 1What is behavioral neuroscience?–Branch of psychology that studies the relationship between the brain and behavior View of ancient Egyptians and Greeks on the brain? Hippocrates? Galen? -Nervous system is a network of fluid-filled, interconnected tubes and chambers. Fluid in ventricles plays important role in transmitting messages to and from the brain. -Hippocrates (460-379 BC): First to suggest that the brain was the source of intelligence-Galen (130-200 AD): Introduced notion that fluid filled ventricles animate the bodyWhat does localization of function mean? How does Phineas Gage relate? Different areas of the brain are specialized for different functions. Phineas Gage took a spike through his brain. Before the accident he was fully competent, after the accident hehad intelligence, speech, learning and movement problems. No sense of responsibility, no respect for social conventions, profane, irreverent.What are the differences between a theory and a hypothesis?Theory: integrates and interprets many observations to explain a phenomenonHypothesis: Testable (yes/no) prediction that is used to guide further researchHow is a correlational design different from an experiment? Correlation: Systematic research design that does not manipulate but rather observes whether two variables are connectedExperiment: Research Design characterized by: Random Assignment, Control of extraneous/confounding variables, Manipulation of a condition, Measurement of changes from the manipulationWhat are common histological techniques used in neuroscience research? When would you use each approach? What type of information would you expect to find? CT scan: Uses multiple x-rays to construct a 3D image; X-ray penetrates body and absorbed by various “radiopaque” tissues; Digital reconstruction within plane of slicePET: Injection of a radioactive substance; (2-deoxyglucose) into the bloodstream, which is taken up by parts of the brain according to how active they areMRI: Magnetic field and radio waves used to produce high-resolution structural images of the brainfMRI: Measures brain activation by detecting increases in oxygenenated blood directed atactive neural structures. Changes in blood flow and blood oxygenation in the brain (i.e., hemodynamics) are closely linked to neural activity; Ratio of oxyhemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin determines areas of brain activationBrain recording methods:EEG: Scalp electrodes provide information about the activity of large populations of neurons; Used to study sleep and diagnose seizuresERP: Series of EEG responses to environmental stimuli; Useful in studies of perception, cognitive processes MEG: Brain’s magnetic output is assessed; Skull is transparent to magnetism, not electricity, making MEG less distorted than EEG; Localization of activity is possibleWhat technique is used to stimulate the human brain? Brain stimulation: Delineate functional properties of neural tissue TMS: Applies strong and quickly changing magnetic fields to surface of skull that can interrupt brain functionWhat is histology? What are the most common stains and what do they stain?Histology: Study of microscopic structure and tissueNissl stain: Cell bodies of neurons, Example: Cresyl VioletGolgi stain: Single cells, Darkly stains full neuron, Randomly stains ~5% of neuronsMyelin stain: Stains myelin that wraps and insulates axons, Identifies neural pathwaysWhat is tract tracing? What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde tracers? Tracing the projections from one part of the nervous system to another part.Anterograde: “moving forward”. Where a pathway ends. Retrograde: “moving backward”. Where a pathway begins. What techniques are used to study neurophysiology?Neurophysiology: Intracellular Recording; Brain slice ~0.5 mm wide, inject current, depolarizing neuron, causing Action Potential What are the neurochemical methods? When would you use each approach? What type of information would you expect to find? Neuropharmacology: Drugs- chemical substances that alter biochemical functioning.•Receptor antagonists: Inhibitors of neurotransmitter receptors•Receptor agonists: Mimic actions of naturally occurring neurotransmittersMicrodialysis: Procedure for analyzing chemicals present in the extracellular fluidImmunocytochemistry: Uses antibodies attached to a dye to identify the presence of particular proteinsWhat are lesions? What are the different ways of producing lesions? What type of information does this method provide? Lesions: a region in the brain that has suffered damageHumans: Trauma, Strokes, Tumors, Infection, Toxins, Neurological diseaseAnimals: Ablation, Heat / Electrolytic, Neurotoxic, Cooling (reversible inactivationWhat is stereotaxic surgery? How is it done? What is it used for?A three-dimensional surgical technique that enables lesions deep within tissues to be located and treated using cold, heat, or chemicals.What are the genetic methodologies? Concordance rate? Twin studies: Compare variable of interest between identical (monozygotic) and fraternal(dizygotic) twins. Contribution of heredity is stated as concordance rate- Statistical analysis on twin studies which determines the extent to which twins are similar, low rates= not similar (or environmentally influenced), high rates = similar (genetically influenced).Genetically Modified Animals: Knockout or knockin genes. Protein production blocked or addedChapter 2What are the basic anatomical directions? Rostral/anterior → head/frontCaudal/posterior → tail/back Dorsal/superior → top/back Ventral/inferior → bottom/bellyMedial → middle Lateral ← outside Proximal → near core Distal → extremitiesIpsilateral – same sideContralateral – opposite sideWhat are the three planes of section?Coronal sections divide brain crosswise from front to back. Sagittal sections are parallel to the midline and give us a side-view Horizontal sections section brain from top to bottom. *medial towards the middle of brain, lateral towards outsideWhat are the meninges? The three layers?System of membranes which envelops the central nervous system. 3 layers in the CNS:–Dura mater (Hard mother)–Arachnoid membrane–Pia mater (Pious mother)What are the ventricles?One of the communicating cavities within the brain. There are four ventricles: two lateralventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle.-Filled with CSFWhat is CSF? Where is CSF located? Where is CSF