Prefrontal cortexSuperior Frontal GyrusMiddle Frontal GyrusInferior Frontal GyrusBroca’s AreaBroca’s AphasiaSlide 7“Mirror Neurons”Slide 9Sensory HomunculusSlide 11Primary Visual CortexTemporal LobeSuperior Temporal GyrusMiddle Temporal GyrusInferior Temporal GyrusWernicke’s AreaSlide 18Cortical Areas: SummarySlide 20Pathologies of MeningesOlfactory BulbVentriclesSlide 24Circulation of the Cerebrospinal FluidSlide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Prefrontal cortex•Executive Functions–Planning–Decision making–Introspection correlated with size–Organize thoughts and actions to carry out goals–Social control–Morality–PersonalitySuperior Frontal Gyrus•Contains part of prefrontal cortex•Activated during introspection•Important for planning movementMiddle Frontal Gyrus•Part of prefrontal cortex•Complex behaviors such as attention and lyingInferior Frontal Gyrus•Part of prefrontal cortex•Important for controlling impulsivity•High inferior frontal activity – low risk-taking behaviorBroca’s Area•Part of the Inferior Frontal Gyrus•Important for speech production•Named for Dr. Paul Broca who studied the areaBroca’s Aphasia•Aphasia is the loss of ability to understand or express speech•Broca’s aphasia caused when this area is damaged–Also called expressive or agrammatic aphasia•Speech is labored, disjointed, non-fluent•Word comprehension okay, grammar lostPre-Motor Cortex“Mirror Neurons”•Discovered in the macaque monkey pre-motor cortex•Activates when the monkey does an action but also when another monkey does the same action•Has been observed in neurons of humans as well (using epilepsy patients)•Implications for understanding intentions, learning, and empathyPost-Central Gyrus:Primary Sensory CortexSensory Homunculus•Areas with finer sensory discrimination have more cortex•Dermatomes spread out over large areas are smaller on the homunculusOccipital LobePrimary Visual Cortex•Primary visual cortex receives input from eyes via limbic areas•Damage to this area causes “blindsight”–No perception of sight but can navigate mazes and perform other visual tasksTemporal Lobe•Important for hearing, memories, object recognition, language, and emotionSuperior Temporal Gyrus•Primary Auditory Cortex–Tonotopic map•Damage to this area removes awareness of sound–Patients still respond reflexively to startling noisesMiddle Temporal Gyrus•Important area for sensory integration plus language and semantic memory•Associated with auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophreniaInferior Temporal Gyrus•Important area for complex visual processingWernicke’s Area•Language comprehension area•Language abilities usually focused on left side of brain•Damage to this area causes Wernicke’s (or fluent) aphasia–Patients’ language has normal rhythm but doesn’t make sense–Different from Broca’s aphasiaParietal LobeIntegrates the sensory systems into a single “world view” that is unique for each person.Cortical Areas: SummaryOther structures on the medial surfacePathologies of MeningesMeningitis•Inflammation of meninges•Caused by bacteria or virus•Swelling in the subarachnoid space•Increases intracranial pressureBrain Injuries•Blood can collect between meningeal layers–Epidural hematoma–Subdural hematoma–Subarachnoid hemorrhage•Increases intracranial pressureOlfactory Bulb•Underlies sense of smell•Connected to amygdala – emotional reaction to scentsVentricles•Four ventricles:•2 lateral ventricles•3rd ventricle•4th ventricle•Filled with cerebral spinal fluidVentricular SystemCirculation of the Cerebrospinal Fluid•Flows from:•2 lateral ventricles•3rd ventricle•4th ventricle•Central canal of the spinal cord•Subarachnoid spacePosterior Cerebral ArteryAnterior Cerebral ArteryMiddle Cerebral ArteryPhrenology
View Full Document
Unlocking...