Midterm 2 Class NotesSocialization and Gender Identity - Parents can be blamed for gender influenceo Socialization starts prior to birth and immediately upon birth. Genderize immediately. Applying labels right away. o “bouncing baby boy or beautiful baby girl”o mothers tend to have higher warmth and responsiveness with girls, and more independence with boys.o If a girl cries, mother babies her. If a boy cries, mother says you’re so tough, you can do it etc.  Girls are fragile and if injured, need time out. Social interaction. Encouraged to be relational and dependent.  Boys should get right back up. Even with homework, mom finds girls answers, and mom tells boy to keep working.  Fathers tend to be much more involved with boys than girls, and do much more physical activity with them - Peerso “boys don’t play in kitchens, girls do!” if a boy plays in kitchen, boys will call him sissy for gender atypical behavior. Boys really get punished if they cross gender lines. o Girls are able to cross gender boundaries, but still receive a little bit of punishment. - Teacherso Boys get more time and attention than girls do. o Boys are more active in the classroom- allowed to perform more misbehavior before a consequence than girls. This teaches boys to test limits and question their worlds. o Girls are more constrained than boyso Teachers help girls more quickly and let boys struggle a little bit longer. Overestimate boys abilities in math and science.o Both parents and teachers rate boys more positively than girls.- The Mediao Plays a role in promoting gender roles o Superman – boy, powerpuff and wonderwoman- girls  Boys have weapons and are fighting. They have muscles Girls- shapely, lighter shades, pink and girly backgrounds  Active vs. passive Very easy to tell girl ads from boy ads Development of Gender and Identity Roles- Parallel development of identity and stereotypes – developing the whole set of rules - Awareness of gender (young)o 3 years old- potty training- Gender stability o Recognition of retaining gender for lifetimeo By age 4-5- Gender Consistency – I am a boy and will be a boy when I grow upo Gender does not change, even if appearances doo By age 6-8o 90% of Halloween costumes are gender Sexual Behaviors in Childhood- Child sex play. o Kids are curios about their own bodies and other people’s bodies. o Curious about other children and adults.- Common! Lamb & Coakley (1993)o Girls with other girls and boys with other boys – more frequent o Dissipates by around first gradeo Look at adults if they engaged in sex playo 85% of women in studies sex play as children that involved touchingo minority noted cross gender playo common for kids to explore in sex play doctor type play- What behaviors are typical/atypical?o Typical- kissing, hugging, touching, looking, talking They kiss and hug a loto Atypical- oral sex, using objects, sexual contact with animals, penetration See these things more in an experience where kids experiences sexual not goodness - Parent worries (about sex play)o “because boy sex play with another boy = gay” NOT TRUEo no relationship between gender of child you engage with sex play with as a kid and orientation as an adult.o Kids pick kids to engage in sex play with who they have access too and see all the timeo Caught kid doing sex play  emotional/ psychological damage. But this is actually typical and normative. - How SHOULD Parents react?o They should not freak outo They should react in a calm way, and nonjudgemental, realize they are curious o They should stop kids and say this is an adult behavior, are there questions that I can answer for you about bodies?o Worse outcomes in adulthood if parents interact with blameand shame and guilt. Poor relationships in marriage When to worry- Sexual Behaviors Between Kids- Expected- o stops when adult interveneso silly, lighthearted, spontaneous, gigglyo no use of coercion (if she doesn’t want to show and he begs her to show that’s coercive) - Worrisome – o doesn’t stop/ gets secretiveo anger, loneliness, shame, retaliationo use of persuasion or coercion  concerning if somebody with more power is engaging with someone with less power worrisome if there is a difference in size (big kid and small kid because it leads to pressure sometimes) worrisome if one mentally retarded kid and one non-mentally retarded kid (different developmental understanding) Have They Been Sexually Abused?- True or false- all or at least most sexual abusers have been sexually abused themselves o Research findings- physical and sexual abuse - 3 important factors o if abused- severity, age of onset, family response  maternal response at time of exposure is number one thingo exposure to domestic violence fantastic way to screw up kids  often between romantic partners teaches adult relationships are violent and sex comes with violence poor manager of own emotions experiencing feelings of helpless, rage, anger, fear, concerno sexual yuck ex: someone old saying something really sexually inappropriate to someone young exposure to something sexually rapid  ex: I wish I could take pictures of you naked, youre so cute homes where child is being inappropriately parentized - ex: single parent now dating confiding in childAdolescent Sexuality- physical changeso What is puberty?- period in time which the body is maturing from a child stage to an adult sexual maturity. At the end we would expect the childs body can support conception and birtho Primary vs. secondary sexual characteristics Primary- directly involved in sexual reproduction Secondary- differentiate men from women and aren’tdirectly related to reproduction - The growth spurt- o girls -average of start is 10½. Average peak is 12. Average completion of the spurt (not done completely) is 14. Gain 7.7 inches.o Boys- average of start is 12½. Average peak 14, average completion 16. Gain 8.3 inches.o Menarchy- chemical message to not produce any new bone cells- Changes in body proportionso Prior to puberty kids look like a 1x4. Afterpuberty, they no longer do. Boys are wedge shaped and girls are hourglass shaped.o Men- massive growth in muscle mass 150% lean body mass of average female face, shoulderso girls get fatty deposits. Age 10= 6% more body fat than boy. By end of puberty, 50% more. Breasts, hips, butt, thighs - Other changeso Hair- pubus, legs, underarm, facial