Neuro-anatomyLocus CoeruleusParalysis in sleepNorepinephrine system  arousalHave system that hyperpolarize lower motor neurons to paralyze youDescending systemREM disorderMalfunction of Norepinephrine neurons or too fewNot proven, just evidence that is consistentSleepFirst structures to wake upWhere “you” liveMedial prefrontalAnterior cingulateLimbic, judgment like/dislikeThalamusPart of arousal, sensoryInferior Prefrontal CortexImpulsivityLimbic Neocortex: cingulate, inferior prefrontal, insulaMood, feelings, do you like?HippocampusMemoryFornixInnervates mammillary bodiesNALoss  amnesiaHypothalamusANS, hormonesAmygdalafearThalamusAll sensory information goes through here (minus olfaction)Last synapses before cortexVision  LGNAuditory  IGNGliaAstrocytesMaintenanceForm blood brain barrier around blood vesselsMicrogliaImmune systemInflammationOligodendrocytesFormation of myelinCerebellumBalance, coordinated movementActive before and during …?NT SystemsDopamineLocus Coeruleus, VTA, Substantia nigra, nucleus accumbens,Function:RewardDrugs:Stimulants, cocaine, caffeineProjects everywhereTo basal ganglia, frontal lobesDamage to basal gangliaMovement disorders, Huntington’s/Parkinson’sMade from?SerotoninOriginate raphe nucleiFunction: sleep, dreaming, moodDrugsHallucinogensMade from?AcetylcholineOrigin: Basal nucleiProjectFrontal lobe, hippocampusFunction: attention and memoryMade from:Acetyl groups (sugar) and cholineEndogenous amandimidesReleased when eat sugar, fat, chocolateNeurochemistryMake heart stop….Tetrotatoxin blocks ___ channelsMTXblock K channelsKevorkianInjects potassium into bloodPrevents AP generation at incredible fast speedRefractory periodDue to movement of K out of cellRebalance RMPNa/K pump, combat leakinessChloride ionsGABA neuronsDrugs- benzodiazepines, alcohol, barbituratesSlide into sleep..Axonal hillockSummates activity via spatial/temporalMakes final determine of generationAxonDiameter keep speeds constantAnd number of Na channelsLocated at nodes of ranvierOr b/t schwann cells in PNSNMDAAllow Ca influx, when depolarized for learning and memoryUsually blocked, need GABA to unblockLearning and MemoryPlace cellsIn hippocampus, tell where locatedKeep track of environmentSympatheticNorepinephrine neurotransmitterBlock via NE inhibitionFight or FlightActions:Increase heart ratePupil dilationParasympatheticActions:Decrease HRPupil constrictRebound after strong sympathetic respondIf suddenly stimulus stops, Para responds so strong…lead to death“Voodoo death”Coffee—AlcoholCoffeeStimulate adenosineMake heart beat fast…via adrenalineAlcoholInhibit GABADepress CNSHeavy caffeine intake when intoxication can lead to heart attackThirstOsmoticHeavy salt concentrationHypovolemicIsotonic fluid, loss of large massNarcolepsyLoss of orexin neuronsAlso has role in arousal, eatingEatingInteract with dopamine in VTA make addicted to foodsDevelopmentRadiogliaCells climb up to deposit and determine IDTransneuronal degenerationFinal: Cumulative, 155 MCs,VisionVentral: Forms, ObjectsDorsal: movementLeft visual field  Right LGNEach eye is separate in LGN, primary visual cortexNot until later do you get binocularityLt temporal, Rt nasalLesionsOptic tractLose one visual fieldMedian Optic ChiasmPeripheral visionOcular dominant columnsPrimary visual cortexInfo comes from individual eyeProcesses different angles of photons or lineAuditoryVibration airs  tympanic membrane  ossicles (amplify sound)  oval window (vibrates fluid in)  cochlea  basilar membrane  steriociliaOpen K channels, depolarize, propagation down auditory nerveInferior colliculus  medial geniculate  primary auditory cortexReview 02/25/2014Neuro-anatomy- Locus Coeruleuso Paralysis in sleep Norepinephrine system  arousal Have system that hyperpolarize lower motor neurons to paralyze you Descending system REM disorder Malfunction of Norepinephrine neurons or too few Not proven, just evidence that is consistent o Sleep First structures to wake up Where “you” live- Medial prefrontal Anterior cingulate- Limbic, judgment like/dislike Thalamus - Part of arousal, sensory- Inferior Prefrontal Cortexo Impulsivityo Limbic Neocortex: cingulate, inferior prefrontal, insula Mood, feelings, do you like?  Hippocampus Memory Fornix Innervates mammillary bodies  NA Loss  amnesia  Hypothalamus ANS, hormones Amygdala fear- Thalamuso All sensory information goes through here (minus olfaction)o Last synapses before cortex Vision  LGN Auditory  IGN- Gliao Astrocytes Maintenance Form blood brain barrier around blood vesselso Microglia Immune system Inflammationo Oligodendrocytes Formation of myelin- Cerebellumo Balance, coordinated movemento Active before and during …?NT Systems- Dopamineo Locus Coeruleus, VTA, Substantia nigra, nucleus accumbens, o Function: Rewardo Drugs: Stimulants, cocaine, caffeineo Projects everywhere To basal ganglia, frontal lobes  Damage to basal ganglia Movement disorders, Huntington’s/Parkinson’s o Made from?- Serotonino Originate raphe nucleio Function: sleep, dreaming, moodo Drugs Hallucinogenso Made from?- Acetylcholineo Origin: Basal nucleio Project Frontal lobe, hippocampuso Function: attention and memoryo Made from: Acetyl groups (sugar) and choline - Endogenous amandimideso Released when eat sugar, fat, chocolateNeurochemistry- Make heart stop….o Tetrotatoxin blocks ___ channelso MTX block K channelso Kevorkian Injects potassium into blood - Prevents AP generation at incredible fast speedo Refractory period Due to movement of K out of cello Rebalance RMP Na/K pump, combat leakiness- Chloride ionso GABA neurons Drugs- benzodiazepines, alcohol, barbiturates Slide into sleep..- Axonal hillocko Summates activity via spatial/temporal  Makes final determine of generation- Axono Diameter keep speeds constanto And number of Na channels Located at nodes of ranvier Or b/t schwann cells in PNS- NMDAo Allow Ca influx, when depolarized for learning and memoryo Usually blocked, need GABA to unblockLearning and Memory- Place cellso In hippocampus, tell where locatedo Keep track of environmentSympathetic- Norepinephrine neurotransmittero Block via NE inhibition- Fight or Flight- Actions:o Increase heart rateo Pupil dilationParasympathetic- Actions:o Decrease HRo Pupil constrict- Rebound after strong sympathetic