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Subcortical StructuresLimbic SystemConsists several subcortical areasImportant for emotion, memory, motivation and sense of smellCingulate GyrusServes as roadway for information from limbic system to other cortical areasProcesses both social and physical painAssociated with Bipolar or DepressionIf dysfunctional…impulsivity likelyHypothalamusUnderneath thalamusControls autonomic nervous systemEmotional response, food intake, water balance, sleep cyclesAttached to pituitary gladHormone regulationHippocampusAlso part of temporal lobeImportant for converting short term memories into long-term memoriesAmygdalaImportant for making associations between different stimuliInfluences emotional valence of stimuliRecognition of emotional facesMay dysfunction in autismBasal GangliaSet of ganglia located around thalamus and hypothalamusInvolved in suppression of unwanted motor activityForms complex signaling loops with motor areas of cortexOlfactory bulbsUnderlies sense of smell; sit on inf surface of frontal lobeConnect to amygdala (anterior to hippocampus, ant/inf to thalamus)emotional reaction to scentsThalamusTop of brain stem, process ALL sensory input other than smellThalamus and anterior cingulate first to “turn on” upon awakeningOften associated with “seat of consciousness”Switchboard of the brainSensory input through here to cortex from the peripheryCortex projects back to thalamusConnections just as important as structuresConnectome project started in 2005Goal to map every neural connection in the brainUses gross anatomy and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniquesEvolutionary limited in brain size due to size of birth canal, limited in number of connectsWhite vs. Gray MatterWhite: connects different parts of the brainAxon “Highways”Grey: contains neuron cell bodiesNeuron “Homes”Corpus Callosum (white matter)Connects hemispheres to each otherLargest white matter tract in the brain (250mill axons)Some cortical functions are lateralizedContralateral motor control and sensationRt: nonverbal and spatial tasksLt: language tasksLeft-handed patients have less laterilzationRemoval of corpus callosum used to treat epilepsyArcuate Fasciculus**Important fiber pathway**Connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areasBoth important for certain aspects of languageDamage on left causes conduction aphasiaUnderstand language but make many errorsCant repeat backLoss on right associated with tone deafnessWhite Matter & Drug abuseIncr stop-signal reaction time is associated w/drug abuseAssociated with inherited neural connections n the infereior prefrontal cortexIncr drug addiction potentialCerebellumImportant for balance, motor learning, and motor error correction**Brain is organized over sizes that span 6 orders of magnitude** slide 26composed of a network of densely packed neurons and gliaBrain MetabolismInto neuronsOxygenCarbsAmino acidsFatsHormonesVitaminsOut of neuronsCarbon dioxideAmmoniaLactateHormonesGlucose is the brains primary source of energy and most of it is used to maintain a resting membrane potential – critical for neuronal functionNeuronal ComponentsReceivingDendritesCell body (soma)NucleusTransmittingMyelin Sheath- insulating fatty later that speeds transmissionAxonsConduction fiberNodes of Ranvier- little cracks b/t myelinPresynaptic terminalSchwann’s Cells – make myelin (in PNS)NeuronsNeurons in brain/germ cells use a great deal of DNA and therefore are very largeNeurons and Cancer cells are dependent on sugar/glucoseNeurons have a great deal of mitochondria but cannot store sugarMaterials used for growth, repair, and transmission are transported down the axon by a specialized protein Kinesin that “walks” along the microtubules at the expense of ATPSupporting glial cellsFormation of Myelin Sheath in CNSDone by oligodendrocytesProduce myelin in CNS, reach out piece of themselves and produce electrical vehicleSchwann does same in peripheralMyelin sheath can remain intact after injury and help guide the regrowing nerve axon to correct site of actionAstrocytesContribute to blood-brain barrier, look similar to oligodendrocytesProvide space b/t neurons and blood vesselsCover everythin in brain 10-15 astrocytes/neuronFunctions:Conduct nutrients from the blood to neuronsTransport waste and products away to the blood and CNS1.1 billion synapses/cubic mm  each astrocyte support and modulates the function of roughly 2 millionAstrocytic network is organized in non-overlapping domainsMicroglia are least numerous…brain’s immune systemPerforms phagocytosis of synaptic structures and active remodeling of perisynaptic environmentAKA protective and recovery unitsOligodendrocytes and astrocytes are most likely to form cancers. Designed to divide.Neurons never produce forms of cancerSynapsesVery close points of contact between neurons and axons/axon terminalsLined with synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitterHave complete array of proteins floating on surface that allow them to attach to pre-synaptic membrane and eject contentsSynaptic connections:AxosomaticSynapse to the cell body (soma)Most convincing and influentialAxodendritic:Synapse to spine of dendrite or shaftAxo-axonicSynapse to terminal end of axoCan occur in all places and cells pay attention to connect siteNeurons sensitive to sequence of activation of their synaptic inputsDrugs take effect on you at synaptic cleftAcetylcholine exampleBrain wants sugar to make ATP; glucose intake feeds production of acetylcholine; if stop intake then feel foggy  hard to concentrateSimilar to hypoglycemiaBinding of a transmitter to its receptor activates “Second messengers”A complex cascade of changes amplify the effects of the acetyl choline within the neuronAction of acetylcholine within the brain can alter the nature of how two neurons physically communicate with each otherAceylcholine  hippocampus  temporal lobeSubcortical Structures- Limbic Systemo Consists several subcortical areaso Important for emotion, memory, motivation and sense of smell o Cingulate Gyrus Serves as roadway for information from limbic system to other cortical areas Processes both social and physical pain Associated with Bipolar or Depression If dysfunctional…impulsivity likelyo Hypothalamus Underneath thalamus Controls autonomic nervous system Emotional response, food intake, water balance, sleep cycles Attached to pituitary glad Hormone regulationo Hippocampus Also part of temporal


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OSU PSYCH 3313 - Subcortical Structures

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