Chapter 3 How Music Works part 1 rhythm I The four basic properties of tones a Duration i How long and short a tone is ii Basis of rhythm b Frequency c Amplitude i Is a pitch corresponds to how high and low a tone is i Relates to how loud or soft a tones are ii Dynamics in music are defined by the relative loudness and softness of different tones d Timbre i Is analogous to the actual sound quality or tone color of tones to what they sound like II Rhythm a Mozart and the alphabet song i The tune is also identical to the tunes of ba ba black sheep and twinkle twinkle little star ii The tune descends from a very old French children s song that the Viennese composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart used as the basis of a piano piece he composed in 1778 1 The piece is referred to as Mozart s Variations on Twinkle Twinkle Little Star b How the sounds and silences of music are organized in time c Sixteenth notes i Faster moving notes d Eighth notes e Quarter notes i Medium speeds notes i Slower sped notes f Beat i Steady unlinking pulse ii A beat vs the beat performance g Subdivision 1 A each individual pulse 2 The continuous stream of pulses that underlie the entire i Rhythmic subdivision is the result of dividing individual beats into smaller rhythmic units ii Duple subdivision 1 Two evenly spaced notes per beat iii Quadruple subdivision 1 Four evenly spaced notes per beat iv Triple sub division 1 Three evenly spaced notes per beat v Each syllable occupies exactly one note vi Rolling and swiping rhythm 1 Signature element of blues suffle and Celtic hornpipe 2 Occurs during triple subdivision when the middle note of triples is essentially left out h Meter i Measure or bar ii Meter 1 One unit or group of beats in music that has meter 1 The systematic grouping of individual beats into larger groupings a specific pattern of grouped beats 2 The most common meter in the west are with 2 4 beats per measure a It is also common in other part of the world iii Egyptian Dance Music Alla Hai The song is in duple meter 1 iv Mexican Mariachi Cielito lindo beautiful sweetheart 1 Triple meter song with the characteristic S w w v In musical traditions of India Indonesia China the Middle East and other parts of the world meters are sometimes very long and complex 1 A measure may consist of as many as 108 or 256 beats 2 The longer types of meters are referred to as metric cycle a Its like meter but it is longer i Example the gong cycle in Indonesian gamelan music tala cycle in Hindustani raga vi Clap on 2 and 4 Backbeats 1 Backbeats when the second and forth beats of a four beat measure typically are given more emphasis strength than the first and third beats a This changes the feel of the groove b Common style in rock blues funk and hip hop 1 Music from eastern European countries like Bulgaria and Romania commonly have 5 7 11 and 13 beats a Roma brass band from Romania vii Three beats or seven i Western analysis 1 7 fast beat per measure ii Roma analysis 1 Essentially a triple meter with two short beats followed by a long beat every measure 2 The shorts and longs correspond to different dance steps i Accent and syncopation i Accents around it ii Syncopation 1 The notes that given extra emphasis during musical performance 2 Usually by playing the note louder than the notes played 1 An accented note that falls between beats 2 Example Beethoven s ninth symphony feature little 3 Example highly syncopated song James Brown I got syncopation You I Feel Good 4 Kudi Kudi This is an example of bhangra music from India a The rhythmic accompaniment of the drums outlines a strong steady beat b Against this the shouts of Hoi create syncopated accents between the main beats 5 Syncopation is mainly a western view a Western view of west African music is highly syncopated while the idea of syncopation to west Africans is simply not relevant because they hear and feel the music in a different way j Tempo i Refers to the rate at which the beats pass in music ii They range from very slow slow medium slow medium moderate medium fast very fast iii They may be constant or they may vary iv They may accelerate or decelerate suddenly or gradually k Free rhythm i Metric music 1 When the music has a A discernable beat meter and tempo ii Free rhythm is nonmetric music 1 Does not have a discernible beat iii Example of free rhythm south Indian Sarasadamadana 1 Music played on a vina and drum called the mrdangam 2 The drum establishes the beat and the drum part makes out the metric cycle 4 A stream of sixteenth notes against a quarter note beat is a subdivision Chapter 3 Review 1 Rhythm is most closely related to 2 Which of the following are the slowest moving notes 3 The underlying pulse of music is known as the a Duration a quarter notes a Beat a Quadruple a Meter a metric cycle a Syncopation a Tempo a free rhythm a Measure 5 The number of beats in a measure defines the music s 6 When meters are longer and more complex we use the term 7 An accented note that falls between beats is called a 8 The rate at which beats pass in music is called 9 When music is nonmetric we say it is in 10 A grouping of beats in Western music is called a 11 Listen to disk 1 track 20 Cielito Lindo Mexican mariachi a Duple meter 12 The accent pattern for the meter of Cielito Lindo is arranged as follows S strong beat w weak beat a S w w S w w 13 Cielito Lindo has tempo a Medium 14 Listen to the trumpet part of the introduction of Cielito Lindo We hear a a rhythm that features a combination of notes of different length 15 Which of the following is NOT true of the strummed instruments guitar like instruments in the musical background of Cielito Lindo a they utilize lots of syncopation to add interest 16 Listen to disk 1 track 12 Alla Hai This piece a features a low pitched drum whose part is extremely syncopated 17 Listen to opening of disk 1 track 15 Iraqi Caf takht The rhythmic organization of this excerpt is best described as a Free rhythm
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