Lecture 1 A Human Cancer Viruses a 15 of human cancer cases are caused by viruses this is a significant amount b Life expectancy increase in the US due medicine B Units of Measurement a 1 nm 10e 9 m b 1 nm 0 001 micrometer c Eukaryotic Cells 100 micrometers d Viruses 100 nm e Bacteria 10 micrometers f Unaided eye can see 0 4 mm C Microbes Organisms too small to be see with the unaided eye a Microbes are living creatures except viruses b Bacteria Reproduce by Binary Fission i ii Are multicellular iii Move via Flagella c Archea i Halophiles salt loving live in extremely salty environment such as The Great Salt Lake and Dead Sea ii Thermophiles live in hot sulfurous water such as hot springs at Yellowstone National Park iii Methanogens produce methane as waste product from respiration iv Not disease causing d Fungi e Protozoa f Algae i Unicellular yeast ii Multicellular molds mushrooms i Absorb organic chemicals for energy ii Move via Pseudopods Cilia or Flagella g Viruses i Produce oxygen and organic compounds such as carbohydrates to be used by other organisms ii Photosynthesis for energy i Acellular ii Virus contains a core made of either DNA or RNA iii Surrounded by protein coat called a Capsid iv Needs a host cell to replicate D Microbial Genomes a Genome An organisms total genetic content b Microbes have the greatest diversity of genomes i This is important for evolution E Functions of Microorganisms a Produce fermented foods such as bread and cheese b Produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol and acetone c Produce medicine such as insulin and interferon d Widely used in tools for biomedical research e Decompose organic waster such as sewage treatment f Can be disease causing or pathogenic Lecture 2 A Three Domains of Microbes a Bacteria b Archaea c Eukarya i Protists ii Fungi iii Plants iv Animals B Important Dates theory a 1665 Robert Hooke was first to observe cells he discovered the cell i Cell Theory all living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells b 1668 Redi performs jar experiment maggots appeared in jars that were not sealed off to bugs i Biogenesis c Where do microbes come from i Spontaneous generation vs biogenesis ii Spontaneous Generation Hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter iii Biogenesis alternative hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life d Pasteur and his work i Father of microbiology ii Performed swan neck flask experiment proved that microbes exist in nonliving matter 1 This experiment disproved spontaneous generation a First poured beef broth into a long neck flask b Next he heated neck of flask and bent it into S shape then boiled broth for several minutes c Microorganisms did not appear in cooled solution even after long periods iii Showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation 1 Fermentation conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine in the absence of air 2 Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it into vinegar in the presence of air iv Demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine 1 Pasteurization application of high heat for a short time v First rabies vaccine e The Germ Theory of Disease 1860 s Joseph Lister applied germ theory to medical procedure i ii Began treating surgical wounds with Phenol carbolic acid iii Aseptic technique was founded f Koch 1876 i Proved that bacteria cause anthrax and provided experimental steps to prove that specific microbes causes a specific disease ii This was known as Koch Postulates 1 Detect agent in host with disease 2 3 4 Re isolate agent Isolate agent Introduce into new host g The Golden Age of Microbiology i 1800s h The birth of modern chemotherapy 1940s i Chemotherapy is treatment with chemicals ii Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be synthetic drugs or antibiotics 1 Antibiotics chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes natural 2 Synthetic drugs chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious diseases produced in a lab 3 Alexander Flemming discovered the first antibiotic a Observed that penicillium fungus made an antibiotic Penicillin that killed bacteria Staphylococcus Aureus b 1940s Penicillin was tested and mass produced C Modern Biotechnology a Using microbes to produce food and chemicals centuries old b Genetic Engineering is new technique i Bacteria and fungi can produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes 1 Gene Therapy missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in this technique ii Genetically modified bacteria used to protect crops from insects and freezing weather c Recombinant DNA DNA made from two different sources D Microbes and the Environment a Microbial Ecology b Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage c Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury d Biological Insecticides i Microbes that are pathogenic to insects are a good alternative to chemical pesticides in preventing insect damage to crops and disease transmittance ii Bacillus Thuringiensis bacteria infections are fatal to many insects but harmless to mammals humans and plants E Microbes and Human Disease a Microbiota microbes normally present in and on the human body b There are more bacterial cells in the body than human cells c Normal microbiota prevent growth of pathogens i Also produce growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin K F Emerging Infectious Diseases EID a These are usually new diseases or diseases that are increasing today b When a pathogen overcomes the host s resistance disease results c Ebola Virus i Causes fever and hemorrhaging d Mad Cow Disease i Caused by prion infectious protein i Primarily in water flow and poultry ii Human to human transmission has not occurred e Avian Flu SARS f g Spanish Flu Lecture 3 A Biological Molecules a Major Elements C H O i Organic compounds contain H and C ii Inorganic compounds typically lack C b Carbohydrates i Formula CH20 n ii All microorganisms contain carbs iii Monosaccharide 1 Simple sugars 2 Each molecule contains 3 7 carbon atoms iv Disaccharide v Polysaccharide 1 Two monosaccharaides bond together by dehydration 2 They are broken apart by hydrolysis addition of water 1 Tens or hundreds of monosaccharaides joined through dehydration synthesis vi Functions of Carbs 1 Storage of starch and glycogen 2 Structure of cell wall 3 Lubrication 4 Fuel source for cell
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