Things you must know for Exam 3Format is 53 multiple choice questionsExam 3 will cover all of Lectures 21; 22-23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; Chapters 14-19 & Appendix CThere are some exam questions that are not on this list, so be sure that you study all the material.The things on the list below, you absolutely must know:• Know which type of nosocomial infection is most commonUrinary Tract Infections (32%) • Know what medical procedure most increases the likelihood of an infection1. Hemodialysis2. Intravenous catheter • Know the definitions of sporadic disease, endemic disease, epidemic disease and pandemic disease. Be able to recognize at least 1 example of each.Sporadic disease- disease that occurs occasionally in a population Ex: Sporadic outbreaks of Ebola virus every few years in Central Africa Endemic Disease- disease constantly present in a population Ex: Vibrio Cholerae is an endemic cause of GI disease in South Asia. It was not endemic to Haiti. Epidemic Disease- disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time Ex: Poorly drained seware from the UN peacekeeps camp asdfffled to an epidemic of Vibrio Cholerae caused GI disease in HaitiPandemic Disease – Worldwide EpidemicEx: in 1918, strain of Influenza Virus caused worldwide Pandemic • Know the definition of ‘pathology’ and the definition of ‘etiology’Pathology- the study of diseaseEtiology- the study of the cause of disease • Know the definition of ‘incidence’ of a disease and the definition of ‘prevalence’ of a diseaseIncidence- fraction of a population that contracts a diseaseduring a specific time Prevalence- fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time • Know the definition of ‘morbidity’ and the definition of ‘mortality’Morbidity- incidence of a specific notifiable disease Mortality- deaths from notifiable disease • Know the definition of ‘sign’ and the definition of ‘symptom’Sign- a change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of a diseaseSymptom- a change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of a disease • Know the definitions of ‘parasitism’, ‘commensalism’, and ‘mutualism’Parasitism – one organism benefits at the expense of anotherCommensalism- one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected Mutualism- Both organisms benefit • Know Koch’s postulates1. the same pathogen must be present in every case of thedisease 2. the pathogen must be isolated form the diseased host and grown in pure culture 3. the pathogen from the pure culture must cause thedisease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible lab animal 4. the pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the same as the original pathogen • From the history of epidemiology, know what Nightingale studied and what was her major novel contribution to epidemiological methods. Know what Semmelweis studied and what was his major novel contribution to epidemiological methodsFlorence Nightingale- 1858 – Showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epidemic typhus, tracked down infection rate and showed that temperature effects infection rates.Ignaz Semmelweis- 1846-1848 – showed that handwashing by doctors decreased the incidence of puerperal fever (infections after giving birth) Experimental• Know the definition of ID50 and LD50ID 50 – Infectious dose for 50% of the test population LD 50 – Lethal dose for 50% of the test population • Know what a microbial adhesin doesThey bind to receptors on host cells allowing them to attachto a specific host cell type Glycolax-streptococcus mutans- causes tooth decayFimbriae- E. coli- can attach to small intestineM protein- streptococcus pyogenes(resists phagocytosis)• Know what a bacterial siderophore doesSiderophores bind host’s iron, obtain free iron • Know what component of the host cytoskeleton Salmonella alters to cause ‘membrane ruffling’ when it attacks host cellsComponent= actin (salmonella alters host actin to enter a host cell) • Know for what bacterial component the Limulus amoebocyte lysis assay is used to testEndotoxinAmoebocytes are white blood cells from the hemolymph of the atlantic coast horseshow crab. Amoebocyte lysis releases clotting factors and produce clot. The endotoxin causes lysis.• Know the differences between exotoxins and endotoxinExotoxin – toxic substances released outside the cell during log phase ; produced inside pathogenic bacteria; mostly gram positiveEndotoxin- toxins composed of lipids that are part of the cell membrane; gram negative; outer membrane; liberated when bacteria dies and cell wall breaks apart• Know the major types of exotoxin and be able to recognize an example of eachTypes of Exotoxins:1. A-B Exotoxin – corynebacterium diphtheria, Clostridium Botulinum, C. tetani, Vibrio Cholerae2. Memrane Disrupting Toxins erythrogenic toxin –streptococcus pyogenes; lyse hots cell by making protein channels in cell membrane and disrupt phospholipid bilayer.3. Superantigen Toxins- stapholococcus aureus; staphyloccus toxins that cause food poisoning ad toxic shock syndrome • Know the definition of ‘toxoid’ and the definition of ‘antitoxin’Toxoid – inactivated toxin used in a vaccineAntitoxin- antibodies against a specific toxin • Know the definition of ‘12D treatment’ in the food processing and sterilization industryHeating required to kill 10^12 C. Botulinum endospores• Know what is ‘antigenic variation’ of microbial surface structuresAltering surface proteins- just when the host adaptive immune system has developed a response, the pathogen changes, making the response ineffective • Know the major cytopathic effects of viruses on host cellsPoliovirus- cell deathPapovavirus – acidophilic inclusion bodies in nucleusAdenovirus- Basophilic inclusion bodies in nucleusCytomegalovirus- acidophilic inclusion bodies in nucleus and cytoplasmMeasues- Cell fusionPolyomavirus- TransformationHIV- Destruction of T Cells • Know the major advantages and disadvantages of feverAdvantages:1. increase the production of transferrins (reduce iron available to microbes) 2. increase IL-1 activity (enhance immune response)Disadvantages:1. tachycardia (rapid heart rate)2. Acidosis (caused by increased metabolic rate)3. Dehydration4. Seizures in children • Know the classical signs and symptoms of inflammationRedness, Pain, Heat, Swelling (edema) • Know the
View Full Document
Unlocking...