Know what the enzyme reverse transcriptase does and what it is used for in the laboReverse- transcription: (RT-PCR) reverse transcriptase makes DNA from RNA. It can be used to amplify an RNA: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, or viral genomic RNA. Reverse of the DNA>RNA transcription process. Used for cloning in lab.Know the names of the sub-divisions of the phylum Proteobacteria (alpha-, beta-, etc.)o5 classes! aphaproteobacteria! betaproteobacteria! gammaproteobacteria! deltaproteobacteria! epsilonproteobacteriaKey to remember (I can’t remember what she said in class):Danish Kings Play Chess On Fuzzy Green SquaresKnow the infectious agent that causes stomach ulcers! Species: Helicobacter pylori causes stomach ulcers, multiple flagella, microaerophilic, acidophilic, peptic ulcers, stomach cancerKnow what diseases can be caused by species of Chlamydia•Phylum: Chlamydiae: Gram - obligate intracellular parasites (can’t survive without metabolites from host. oImportant Species: ! Species: Chlamydia trachomatis: causes STD chlamydia and can cause conjunctivitis ! Species: Chlamydophila psittaci: causes Parrot Fever, spread by bird droppings. Major problem for immunocompromised patients! Species: Chlamydophila pneumoniae: causes atypical pneumoniaKnow the name of the form of Chlamydia that briefly live outside host cells and can be transferred from host to host ! Elementary Body: more environmentally resistant form that can survive outside host cells but not on surfaces, must be spread by intimate contactKnow the name of the bacteria that we discussed that completely lacks cell walls The mycoplasmasMicro Exam 2•Class: MollicutesoWall-less bacteria***oVery small genomesoVery small cell sizeoHard to detect•Mycoplasma pneumonia species, atypical bacterial pneumonia and major lab contaminantKnow the bacteria that produces botulinum toxin•Phylum: Firmicutes•Genus: ClostridiumoC. botulinum species causes botulinum, gram +Know the bacteria that produces tetanus toxinoClostridium tetani: species causes tetanus, paralyzes, gram +Know the names of the bacterial genera that are enteric bacteria (Enterobacteriales)oOrder: EnterobacterialesoOrder has peritrichous flagella, facultative anaerobic (can grow with or without oxygen, but better in O2) and gram negative rods. Often inhabit intestinal tracts in humans and animals. Entero= internal (digestive track). Most are active fermenters of glucose and other carbohydrates.! Family: Enterobacteriaceae•Genus: Enterobacter oSpecies: E. cloacae can cause UTI’s and nosocomial infections•Genus: Escherichia, most common, not usually pathogenic, model system in labs is oSpecies: E. Coli. Most common inhabitant of human intestinal tract and most familiar organism in microbiology/important tool for basic bio research. Can cause UTI’s, traveler's diarrhea, and sometimes serious foodborne disease•Genus: Klebsiella, commonly found in soil or water. Many capable of nitrogen fixation•Genus: Proteus, swarming type of growth on agar. Swarmers with many flagella move to edges of colony and revert to normal cells with only a few flagella/reduced motility. Process of swarming is repeated and colony has distinctive appearance of a series of concentric rings.Micro Exam 2•Genus: Salmonella, almost all pathogenic, common in animals/human digestive tracts, oSpecies: S. typhi causes typhoid fever often foodborne in poultry.•Genus: Serratia, pink stuff that grows in poorly cleaned shower that can cause illness in immunocompromised is S. marcescensoSpecies: S. marcescens. In hospitals found on catheters, in saline irrigation solutions, and other “sterile” solutions. Most common cause of UTI and respiratory infections in hospitals.•Genus: Shigella, often foodborne pathogen. Only found in humans and can cause life-threatening dysentry.•Genus: Ye rsinia, Carried by urban rats and ground squirrels in the American southwest. Fleas and respiratory droplets from infected animals can also transmit to humans.oSpecies: Y. pestis caused Bubonic Plague, “The Black Death” of medieval Europe transmitted by fleas on rats. Killed 30-60% of Europe’s population in 14th century.Know what the MMRV vaccine protects against•Measles, Mumps, Rubella and VaricellaKnow the name of the bacterium that causes necrotizing fasciitis! Family: StreptococcaceaeoStreptococcus progenies species causes Scarlet Fever, strep throat, rheumatic fever, necrotizing fasciitis -flesh eating (aka Group A Streptococcus- GAS)Know which human tissues the Plasmodium (malaria) organism passes through in its life cycle•Apicomplexa - ProtozoaoNonmotile, intracellular parasitesoComplex life cycles, multiple hostsoPlasmodium (malaria)! Plasmodium vivax- most common cause of malaria***! Plasmodium falciparum- causes most severe form of malaria, carried by mosquito (definitive host) to human (intermediate host)Micro Exam 2Know which viral disease that we discussed has been eradicated by vaccination programs- SmallpoxKnow the differences between a cutaneous, subcutaneous, or systemic fungal infectionoSystemic mycoses: deep within bodyoSubcutaneous mycoses: beneath the skinoCutaneous mycoses: affects hair skin and nailsoSuperficial mycoses: localized (ex: hair shafts)oOpportunistic mycoses: caused by normal microbiota or environmental fungi- attack primarily immunocompromised patients (AIDS patients vulnerable)Know what an opportunistic infection isoany infection caused by a microorganism that does not normally cause disease in humans; occurs in persons with abnormally functioning immune systems (as Micro Exam 2AIDS patients or transplant patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs)Most fungi we discussed affect immunocompromised hosts—There are a few that affect normal, healthy hosts--know these•Rhizomes, Mucor: opportunistic pathogens, systemic mycoses. Ubiquitous.•Aspergillus (opportunistic, systemic mycoses) Ubiquitous.•Blastomyces dermatitis: systemic mycoses, (endemic in many parts of US farmers, forestry workers, etc, at risk). Unknown.•Histoplasma capsulatum: systemic mycoses, can be inhaled in bird/bat droppings. Poultry workers, cleaners encountering bat droppings at risk•Microsporum, Trichophyton: cutaneous mycoses, Soil, animals, skin contact•Sporothrix: (subcutaneous mycosis, beneath skin). Ubiquitous, also transmitted through skin lesions•Stachybotrys, Coccidioides, Pneumoncystis: systemic mycoses. oStachybotrys chartarum: greenish-black mold that anecdotal evidence
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