MCB2004 Final Study Guide 1 Describe the structure of the skin and mucous membranes and the ways pathogens can invade the skin Structure of the skin Epidermis stratus comeum and keratin water proof layer Dermis Secretions perspiration and sebum Portals of entry are the follicles and ducts Subcutaneous layer Structure of the mucous membranes lines body cavities the epithelial cells are attached to an extracellular matrix called a basement membrane cells secrete mucus and IgA antibodies some cells have cilia trap microbes and move things along the tract 2 Provide examples of normal skin microbiota and state the general locations and ecological roles of its members Normal flora Gram positive bacteria on the skin Staphylococcus Streptococcus Diphteroids coryneforms normally hair follicles acne like oil Micrococci Yeats cause dandruff on the skin Roles The secrete byproducts that make it hard for pathogens to live and they cause competition of nutrients for pathogens 3 Differentiate Staphylococci from Streptococci and name several skin infections caused by each Staphylococci Secretes coagulase Folliculitis infection of the hair follicles sty folliculitis of an eyelash furuncle abscess pus surrounded by inflamed tissue carbuncle inflammation of tissue under the skin impetigo isolated pustules of the newborn toxemia occur when toxins enter bloodstream scalded skin syndrome causes the body to have the skin peel off in layers toxic shock syndrome toxic is released into your body Hemolytic enzymes Streptpkinases hyaluronidase exotoxin A super antigen causes the immune system to hurt the host because of enzymes released cellulitis necrotizing fascilitis flesh eating cause severe and rapid tissue damage Streptococci 4 List the causative agent mode of transmission and clinical symptoms of Pseudomonas dermatitis otitis externa and acne Causative agent Dermatitis self limiting 2 weeks swimming pool sauna hot tub Wound and skin infections Otitis externa swimmers ear Burn patient infections Mode of transmission person to person Clinical symptoms Dermatitis rash red bumps itching dry red patches and blisters Otitis externa mainly ear pain Acne bumps typically on your face neck and back where the glands are 5 List the causative agent mode of transmission and clinical symptoms of these skin infections warts smallpox chickenpox shingles cold sores measles rubella Warts Causative agent herpes simplex virus Mode of transmission sexual contact or birth Clinical symptoms cauliflower like papules or small slightly elevated pink or tan flat topped papules Smallpox Causative agent Chicken pox Causative agent herpesvirus Mode of transmission person to person contact or droplets Clinical symptoms red dots all over the body itchy Causative agent reactivation of the chickenpox virus Mode of transmission none Clinical symptoms pain numbness tingling a red rash after the pain itching usually in one area of the body Shingles Cold sores Measles Causative agent measles virus paramyxovirus Mode of transmission respiratory route Clinical symptoms macular rash and Koplik s spots small red spots with blue white center Rubella Causative agent rubella virus togavirus Mode of transmission Clinical symptoms macular rash and light fever 6 Define conjunctivitis Inflammation of the conjunctiva 7 List the causative agent mode of transmission and clinical symptoms of these eye infections neonatal gonorrheal ophthalmia inclusion conjunctivitis trachoma and herpetic keratitis Neonatal gonorrheal ophthalmia Causative agent neisseria gonorrheae Mode of transmission birth Clinical symptoms pus in the eyes Inclusion conjunctivitis Causative agent Chlamydia trachomatis Mode of transmission birth Clinical symptoms reddened eyes tearing with mucus Trachoma Causative agent Chlamydia trachomatis Mode of transmission flies and birth Clinical symptoms mild itching and irritation of the eyes and eyelids discharge of mucus from the eyes Herpetic keratitis Causative agent herpes simplex virus 1 Mode of transmission corneal transplantation direct contact with the eye Clinical symptoms photophobia sensitivity to light epiphora overflow of tears uveitis inflammation of the middle layer of the eye blurred vision 8 Define central nervous system and blood brain barrier The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord It is also the control center for the entire body The blood brain barrier certain capillaries permit some substances to pass from the blood into the brain but restrict other Drugs can only pas this if the y are lipid soluble but inflammation of the brain allows drugs that are not lipid soluble to enter 9 Differentiate meningitis from encephalitis Meningitis inflammation of the meninges Encephalitis inflammation of the brain 10 Discuss meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae Neisseria meningitides Streptococcus pneumoniae and Listeria monocytogenes Haemophilus influenza Occurs mostly in children mos to 4 yrs Gram neg aerobic bacteria normal throat microbiota CHO capsule antigen type B Prevented by Hib vaccine Neisseria meningitis gram neg aerobic cocci with a capsule made of polysaccharide 10 of people are healthy nasopharyngeal carriers nose and throat Begins as throat infection rash Vaccination recommended for college students The carriers are the reservoir of infection Rash doesn t fade when pressed Streptococcus pneumonia 70 of people are healthy nasopharyngeal cariers Gram pos cocci Most common in children 1 mos to 4 yrs Mortality 30 in children 80 in elderly Prevented by vaccination Listeria monocytogenes Gram pos aerobic rod Usually foodborne it can be transmitted to fetus and cause spontaneous Reproduce in phagocytes esp in the liver and can jump to nearby abortion and still birth phagocytes Two forms infected adults and infection of the fetus and newborn 11 Explain how bacterial meningitis is diagnosed and treated Diagnosed need cerebrospinal fluid to confirm Treated antibiotics gen amp and 3rd generation of cephalosporin rocephin 12 Discuss the epidemiology of tetanus including mode of transmission etiology disease symptoms and preventive measures Mode of transmission bacteria in soil or dust is introduced into the body Etiology clostridium tetani gram pos endospore forming obligate anaerobe normally by a rusty nail grows deep within wounds Disease symptoms spasms of jaw and neck tough time swallowing stiffness of the abs painful body spasms fever sweating elevated blood pressure rapid heart rate Preventive
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