MCB2004 Microbiology Exam #4 Study Guide 1 Know which Gram-positive bacteria can cause forms of Toxic Shock Syndrome Staphylococcus aureus can cause toxic shock syndrome (TSS) by producing toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) Streptococcus pyogenes, or Group A Streptococcus (GAS) can cause Streptococcal Toxic Shock (associated with necrotizing fasciitis) Know all of the names of the herpes virus that causes chickenpox and shingles Human Herpes Virus 3 (HHV-3) or varicella-zoster virus causes chicken pox, and, if/when reactivated, shingles Know the type of virus that causes warts Papillomaviruses cause warts Know what type of polio vaccine is currently recommended by the CDC The enhanced-inactivated polio vaccine became the preferred form of vaccination against poliovirus by the CDC in 2000 • The other vaccine available, the Sabin vaccine, is an oral, live attenuated vaccine that occasionally reverts to the virulent form (less safe) Know the major characteristics of rabies (transmission, prevention and treatment) Rabies is a viral disease of the nervous system that multiplies in skeletal muscles, peripheral nerves, and travels to the brain (where it causes encephalitis). It has a long incubation period and is almost always fatal if left untreated • Transmission: Animal bite o Raccoons, skunks, & bats are the most likely animals to be infected with rabies in the U.S o In the U.S – most human cases are caused by bat bites o Worldwide – most human cases are caused by dog bites o Can be transmitted by transplanted tissue (especially cornea) • Prevention: Injection of human diploid cells vaccine (HDCV) – virus grown in human cell culture & inactivated • Treatment: HDCV vaccine plus rabies immunoglobulin (RIG)MCB2004 Microbiology Exam #4 Study Guide 2 Know which protozoan species can cause meningitis and which bacterial species can cause meningitis Meningitis-Causing Protozoans: • Naegleria fowleri primary amebic meningoencephalitis • Acanthamoeba granulomatis amebic meningoencephalitis Meningitis-Causing Bacteria: • Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis • Neisseria meningitidis meningococcal meningitis • Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococcal meningitis • Listeria monocytogenes Listeria meningitis Know how botulinum toxin acts to damage the host when it is ingested Once ingested, botulinum toxin blocks the release of neurotransmitter, causing flaccid paralysis • Cause of death is respiratory and cardiac failure Know which type of bacteria has LPS (endotoxin) and can cause endotoxic shock Gram-negative bacteria are most likely to cause endotoxic shock • Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the Gram negative outer membrane o LPS = endotoxin o Remember, Gram positive bacteria do NOT have that outer membrane layer! Know why brucellosis is called undulant fever Undulate means “to move with a wave-like motion” Brucellosis is called undulate fever because the fever is typically undulant, rising and falling like a wave Know which infectious agent causes Lyme disease Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of Lyme disease Know what arthropod transmits the bacterium that causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia rickettsii causes Rocky Mountain spotted feverMCB2004 Microbiology Exam #4 Study Guide 3 For the diseases of the circulatory system that we covered, know which are caused by bacteria and which are caused by protozoa Disease Organism Type Name of Organism Endotoxic Shock Bacteria Gram-negative bacteria Puerperal Sepsis (Childbirth Fever) Bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes Endocarditis Bacteria – Pericarditis Bacteria – Rheumatic Fever Bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes Anthrax Bacteria Bacillus anthracis Tularemia Bacteria Francisella tularensis Brucellosis (Undulant Fever) Bacteria Brucella species Gangrene Bacteria Clostridium perfringens Cat Scratch Disease Bacteria Bartonella henselae Rat Bite Fever Bacteria Streptococcus monilliformis Plague Bacteria Yersinia pestis Relapsing Fever Bacteria Borrelia species Lyme Disease Bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi Human Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis (HME) Bacteria Ehrlichia chaffeensis Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA) Bacteria Anaplasma phagocytophilum Typhus Bacteria Rickettsia species Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Bacteria Rickettsia rickettsii Chagas’ Disease Protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi Toxoplasmosis Protozoa Toxoplasma gondii Malaria Protozoa Plasmodium species Leishmaniasis Protozoa Leishmania species Babesiosis Protozoa Babesia microti Know the infectious agent that causes Chagas’ disease and the infectious agents that cause sleeping sickness Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas’ disease African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness) has two forms • Trypanosoma brucei gambiense chronic infection • Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense acute infection Know the approximate number of tuberculosis cases in the US (figure from 2012 given in lecture notes) In 2012, there were 9,945 cases of tuberculosis (TB) in the U.SMCB2004 Microbiology Exam #4 Study Guide 4 Know which type of hypersensitive response is involved in a positive tuberculosis skin test A positive Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) will produce a T-cell mediated delayed hypersensitive reaction (Type IV) Know which bacterial respiratory infection is transmitted primarily by inhalation of contaminated water droplets from cooling systems Legionellosis, caused by Legionella pneumophila, is transmitted primarily by contaminated water droplets from air-conditioning systems or natural water sources Know what the spike proteins on the influenza virus are called and how the type of spike is described in the name of each specific influenza strain Hemagglutinin (HA): Spikes used for attachment to host cells • “H” in the H_N_ subtype Neuraminidase (NA): Spikes used to release virus from cell • “N” in the H_N_ subtype Know which infectious agent causes ‘primary atypical pneumonia’ Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes primary atypical pneumonia (also known as “walking pneumonia”) Know which bacterial infection of the intestine is usually produced by elimination of normal intestinal flora by a course of antibiotics Clostridium difficile causes Clostridium Gastroenteritis: an infection of the lower digestive system (intestines) that is caused
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