Exam 2 is 54 multiple choice questions The format of the questions is the same as before The material covered is Lectures 12 15 Chapters 10 13 For the information in the tables if it has a red box around it or if it is discussed in the text of the lecture you must know it For Quizzes 3 and 4 know what you missed why you missed it and know the correct answer Also know those question topics well enough that if the question were asked in a different way you would know the answer Know the names of the sub divisions of the phylum Proteobacteria alpha beta etc Alphaproteobacteria Betaproteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria Epilsonproteobacteria Know the infectious agent that causes stomach ulcers Helicobater pylori Causes stomach ulcers peptic ulcers and stomach cancer In 2005 Barry Marshall and Robin Warren were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery that peptic ulcer disease PUD was primarily caused by Helicobacter pylori Know what diseases can be caused by species of Chlamydia Clamydia trachomatis Causes the STD chlamydia and can cause conjunctivitis eye infection Chlamydophila psittaci Causes parrot fever which is spread by bird droppings major problem for immunocompromised patients Chlamydophila pneumoniae Causes atypical pneumonia Know the name of the form of Chlamydia that briefly live outside host cells and can be transferred from host to host Elementary body More environmentally resistant form that can survive outside host cells but not on surfaces must be spread by intimate contact Also know Reticulate body Growing vegetative form within host cells Know the name of the bacteria that we discussed that completely lacks cell walls Mycoplasmas are wall less forms of Gram positive Firmicutes Mycoplasmatales lack a cell wall and do not have a Gram reaction Low G C Guanine and Cytosine Know the bacteria that produces botulinum toxin Clostridium botulinum causes botulism o Rare poisoning o Produces botulinum toxin Know the bacteria that produces tetanus toxin Clostridium tetani causes tetanus o Produces tetanus toxin o Serious bacterial infection that causes painful muscle spasms and can lead to death Know the names of the bacterial genera that are enteric bacteria Enterobacteriales Enterobacteriales are facultatively anaerobic can grow with or without oxygen grow better in O2 Gram negative rods that are if motile peritrichouly flagellated They inhabit the intestinal tracts of humans and other animals Enterobacter Erwinia Klebsiella Escherichia Most common usually not pathogenic model system E coli Salmonella Pathogenic common in animal many serovar Typhoid fever S typhi Often a food borne pathogen poultry Yersinia Y pestis causes bubonic plague Black death transmitted by fleas on rats Killed 30 60 of Europe s population in 14th century Proteus Serratia Shigella Know what the MMRV vaccine protects against MMRV vaccine MMR vaccine measles mumps rubella varicella Protects against o Varicellovirus HHV 3 chickenpox and shingles o Paramyxovirus mumps o Morbillivirus measles o Rubivirus rubella Know the name of the bacterium that causes necrotizing fasciitis Streptococcus pyogenes Causes scarlet fever strep throat rheumatic fever necrotizing fasciitis o Also called Group A Streptococcus GAS Know which human tissues the Plasmodium malaria organism passes through in its life cycle Infected mosquito bites human sporozoites migrate through bloodstream to liver of human Sporozoites undergo schizogony in liver cell Merozoites are produced in liver released back into bloodstream Merozoite developes into ring stage in red blood cell Know which viral disease that we discussed has been eradicated by vaccination programs Orthopoxvirus Smallpox Has been eradicated no cases since the 1970 s Know the differences between a cutaneous subcutaneous or systemic fungal infection Systemic mycoses Deep within the body They are not restricted to any particular region of the body but can affect a number of tissues and organs Cutaneous mycoses Affect hair skin and nails Dermatophytes secrete keratinase an enzyme that degrades keratin a protein found in hair skin and nails Subcutaneous mycoses Beneath the skin They are caused by saprophytic fungi that live in soil and on vegetation Know what an opportunistic infection is Opportunistic infection A pathogen that does not ordinarily cause a disease but can become pathogenic under certain circumstances They are generally harmless in their normal habitats but become pathogenic in a host who is seriously debilitated or traumatized who is under treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics whose immune system is suppressed by drugs or by an immune disorder or who has a lung disease Most fungi we discussed affect immunocompromised hosts There are a few that affect normal healthy hosts know these Blastomyces dermatitidis Endemic in many parts of US farmers forestry workers etc at risk Histoplasma capsulatum Can be inhaled in bird and bat droppings Poultry workers cleaners encountering bat droppings etc at risk Cyptococcus neoformans Causes meningitis in AIDS patients Occasionally it can illness in apparently healthy patients Know what type of eukaryotic algae the gelling agents agar and carrageenan are harvested from Rhodophyta Type of true algae o Also known as Red algae o Harvested for agar and carrageenan o Red and green algae seaweed in sushi Know what type of eukaryotic organism caused the Irish potato famine Oomycota Type of algae o Phytophthora infestans Responsible for Irish potato blight o Phytophtera Causative agent of Irish potato famine Know within what phylum tapeworms are classified Phylum Platyhelminthes Know within what phylum roundworms are classified Phylum Nematoda Know what type of organisms Wolbachia endosymbionts are Wolbachia endosymbionts are Alphaproteobacteria Live in insects and other animals o o Can have important effects on the reproduction of insect and worm species Filarial Worms o The worms require the bacteria for normal development of their offspring o Humans infected with filarial worms can be treated with anti bacterial antibiotics worms can t reproduce if the bacteria have been killed Of the viruses we discussed which ones have no vaccine yet available For which ones is there a very great need for a vaccine No vaccine Hepatitis C Virus HCV Herpes Simplexvirus Poliovirus Rhinovirus Norovirus West Nile Virus Dengue Fever Zika Virus SARS MERS Ebola Virus Hantavirus Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis
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