MCB2004 Jones Exam 3 Study Guide 1 Know which type of nosocomial infection is most common a A nosocomial infection does not show any evidence of being present or incubating at the time of admission to a hospital it is acquired as a result of a hospital stay also acquired in nursing homes and other health care facilities b The CDC estimates that 5 15 of all hospital patients acquire some type of nosocomial infection c Nosocomial infections are the 8th leading cause of death in the US d Nosocomial infections result from i Microorganisms in the hospital environment ii The compromised or weakened status of the host iii The chain of transmission in the hospital e The presence of one of these factors alone generally does not cause an infection i It is the interaction of all three factors the poses a significant risk of nosocomial infections f Most common type of nosocomial infections are Urinary Tract Infections Accounts for 33 of all nosocomial infections i Surgical Site Infections account for 22 ii Lower Respiratory Infections account for 15 1 Has the highest mortality rate iii Bacteremia cause primarily by intravenous catheterizations Bloodstream infections account for 14 2 Know what medical procedure most increases the likelihood of an infection Intravenous IV catheter causes 1057 infections for every 16516 patients 6 4 Surgery causes 945 infections for every 5659 patients 16 7 a Hemodialysis causes 813 infections for every 1807 patients 45 b c d Urinary bladder catheter causes 1750 infections for every 7919 patients 22 e Ventilator invasive airway causes 722 infections for every 7367 patients 9 8 3 Know the definitions of sporadic disease endemic disease epidemic disease and pandemic disease Be able to recognize at least 1 example of each a A sporadic disease is a disease that occurs occasionally in a population b An endemic disease is a disease that is constantly present in a certain population i Typhoid fever in the US ii Ebola virus in Central Africa i The common cold ii Vibrio cholerae in South Asia c An epidemic disease is a disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time Influenza is an example of a disease that often achieves epidemic status i ii Vibrio cholerae in Haiti d A pandemic disease is an epidemic that occurs worldwide i AIDS ii In 1918 a strain of influenza virus caused a worldwide pandemic 4 Know the definition of pathology and the definition of etiology a Pathology is the scientific study of disease i Pathology is concerned with the cause of disease the manner in which a disease develops and the structural and functional changes brought about by disease and with their final effects on the body b Etiology is the of the cause of a disease 5 Know the definition of incidence of a disease and the definition of prevalence of a disease a The incidence of a disease is the number of people in a population what develop a disease during a particular time period i It is an indicator of the spread of the disease b The prevalence of a disease is the number of people in a population who develop a disease at a specified time regardless of when it first appeared i Prevalence takes into account both new and old cases ii It s an indicator of how seriously and how long a disease effects a population 6 Know the definition of morbidity and the definition of mortality a Morbidity is the incidence of specific notifiable diseases i Morbidity rate is the number of people affected by a disease in a given period of time in relation to the total population b Mortality is the number of deaths from these diseases i Mortality rate is the number of deaths resulting from a disease in a population in a given period of time in relation to total population c The CDC issues a publication called the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report i Contains data on morbidity and mortality d Notifiable Infectious Disease are disease for which physicians are required by law to report cases to the US Public Health Service 7 Know the definition of sign and the definition of symptom a A sign is an objective change in the body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease i Include lesions swelling fever and paralysis b A symptom is a subjective change in body function that is felt by a patient i Not apparent to an observer ii Include pain and malaise 8 Know the definitions of parasitism commensalism and mutualism a In a symbiotic relationship called commensalism one of the organisms benefits and the other is unaffected i i Include Staphylococcus epidermidis inhabit the surface of the skin the corynebacteria inhabit the surface of the eye and certain saprophytic mycobacteria inhabit the ear and external genitals b Mutualism is a type of symbiosis that benefits both organisms Incudes E coli in the large intestine that synthesizes vitamin K and some B vitamins c Parasitism is another kind of symbiosis in which one organism benefits by deriving nutrients at the expense of the other i Many disease causing bacteria are parasites 9 Know Koch s postulates a Koch s postulates can be summarized as follows i The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease ii The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture iii The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy susceptible laboratory animal iv The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism b According to Koch s postulates a specific infectious disease is caused by a specific c Koch s postulates help determine the etiology of disease the first step in treatment and microbe prevention d Microbiologists use these steps to identify causes of emerging diseases 10 From the history of epidemiology know what Nightingale studied and what was her major novel contribution to epidemiological methods Know what Semmelweis studied and what was his major novel contribution to epidemiological methods a Florence Nightingale was a nurse among British troops in the Crimean War i Nightingale s work was an example of analytical epidemiology in which she ii recorded statistics on epidemic typhus in the English civilian and military populations In 1858 she published a thousand page report using statistical comparisons to demonstrate the diseases poor food and unsanitary conditions were killing soldiers 1 Showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epidemic typhus iii Her work resulted in reforms in the British Army
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