MCB2004 Microbiology Exam #2 Study Guide 1 What happens in transcription and translation? • Transcription: RNA is produced from DNA o DNA RNA • Translation: Proteins are produced from RNA o RNA Proteins Know what the enzyme reverse transcriptase does and what it is used for in the lab Reverse transcriptase is used to make complementary DNA (cDNA) from an mRNA template Reverse Transcription (RT-PCR) can be used to amplify any kind of RNA Explain the classification hierarchy • Kingdom o Phylum Class • Order o Family Genus • Species Pneumonic Device: Kings Play Chess On FiberGlass Stools Know the names of the sub-divisions of the phylum Proteobacteria (alpha-, beta-, etc.) Classes of Proteobacteria: • Alphaproteobacteria • Betaproteobacteria • Gammaproteobacteria • Deltaproteobacteria • Epsilonproteobacteria Know the infectious agent that causes stomach ulcers Helicobacter pylori causes stomach ulcers • Phylum: Proteobacteria o Gram negative • Class: EpsilonproteobacteriaMCB2004 Microbiology Exam #2 Study Guide 2 Know what diseases can be caused by species of Chlamydia and how they are transmitted. Know the name of the form of Chlamydia that briefly live outside host cells and can be transferred from host to host. Chlamydiae – gram-negative phylum • Obligate intracellular parasites o Can’t survive without metabolites from host • Life Cycle: o Reticulate Body: Growing, vegetative form that remains within host cells o Elementary Body: More environmentally-resistant form that can survive outside host cells Cannot survive on surfaces Must be spread by intimate contact • Elementary body is transmitted in STD chlamydia • Important Species: o Chlamydia trachomatis Causes STD chlamydia Can cause conjunctivitis – eye infection o Chlamydia psittaci Causes parrot fever – spread by bird droppings • Major problem for immunocompromised patients o Chlamydophila pneumoniae Causes atypical pneumonia Know the name of the bacteria that we discussed that completely lacks cell walls • Phylum: Firmicutes o Gram positive; low G + C • Class: Mollicutes o Wall-less bacteria o Small genomes o Small cell size o Common contaminant of human cell line cultures o Hard to detect • Important Species: o Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Causes atypical bacterial pneumonia Notes: • NOT the same as mycobacterium • Technically grouped with gram positives, but does not hold up because they lack cell walls o Similar to gram positives genetically Know the bacteria that produces botulinum toxin. Know the bacteria that produce tetanus toxin.MCB2004 Microbiology Exam #2 Study Guide 3 • Phylum: Firmicutes o Gram positive; low G + C • Class: Clostridia • Order: Clostridiales • Clostridium: Obligate anaerobic spore formers o Major toxin producers o Clostridium botulinum: Causes botulism Food-borne pathogen o Clostridium tetani: Causes tetanus Used to vaccinate against tetanus Know the names of the bacterial genera that are enteric bacteria (Enterobacteriales) • Order: Enterobacteriales o Peritrichous flagella o Facultatively anaerobic – can grow with or without oxygen, but better with oxygen o Food-borne pathogens & plague bacteria o Common constituent of gut bacteria • Important Species: o Enterobacter o Erwinia o Escherichia Most common Usually not pathogenic Model system o Klebsiella o Proteus o Salmonella Pathogenic • Often a food-born pathogen carried in poultry Common in animals Many serovars (different variations) S. typhi – causes Typhoid fever o Serratia Pink bacteria Can grow in a poorly trended shower Can cause illness if immunocompromised o Shigella Often a food-borne pathogen o Yersinia Y. pestis • Causes bubonic plaque – “Black death”MCB2004 Microbiology Exam #2 Study Guide 4 • Transmitted by fleas on rats • Killed 30-60% of Europe’s population in the 14th century Know what the MMRV vaccine protects against • MMRV Vaccine o Protects against: Measles Mumps Rubella Varicella zoster (chicken pox) Know the name of the bacterium that causes necrotizing fasciitis • Phylum: Firmicutes o Gram positive; low G + C • Order: Lactobacillaceae • Family: Streptococcaceae • Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus – GAS) o Causes: Scarlet fever Strep throat Rheumatic fever Necrotizing fasciitis – flesh eating bacteria • Something to worry about in a hospital setting • Healthy people don’t necessarily know what their natural flora is made up of (could be asymptomatic carriers) Know which human tissues the Plasmodium (malaria) organism passes through in its life cycle Plasmodium passes through the blood & the liver in its life cycle Know which viral disease that we discussed has been eradicated by vaccination programs Smallpox has been fully eradicated by vaccination programs Know the differences between a cutaneous, subcutaneous, or systemic fungal infection Mycoses: Fungal diseases • Systemic Mycoses: Deep within the body • Subcutaneous Mycoses: Beneath the skin • Cutaneous Mycoses: Affect hair, skin, and nails • Superficial Mycoses: LocalizedMCB2004 Microbiology Exam #2 Study Guide 5 o Ex) Hair shafts Know what an opportunistic infection is Opportunistic Infection: Infection caused by a normal environmental fungus/bacterium/virus/protozoan that becomes pathogenic in an immunocompromised host • Probably causes a systemic disease Most fungi we discussed affect immunocompromised hosts—There are a few that affect normal, healthy hosts--know these Fungal Phylum: Ascomycota • Blastomyces dermatitidis o Systemic mycoses o Endemic in many parts of US o Farmers, forestry workers, etc. at risk • Histoplasma capsulatum o Systemic mycoses o Can be inhaled in bird & bat droppings o Poultry workers, cleaners encountering bad droppings, etc. at risk • Microsporum & Trichophyton o Cutaneous mycoses Know what type of eukaryotic algae the gelling agents agar and carrageenan are harvested from Rhodophyta – Red Algae • True algae – primary endosymbiotic algae • Cellulose cell walls • Most are multicellular • Chlorophyll a & d •
View Full Document
Unlocking...